Relationships between multibeam backscatter,sediment grain size and Posidonia oceanica seagrass distribution     

Giovanni De Falco  Renato Tonielli  Gabriella Di Martino  Sara Innangi  Simone Simeone  Iain Michael Parnum 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

The use of data, including bathymetry, backscatter intensity and the angular response of backscatter intensity, collected using multibeam sonar (MBS) systems to recognise seabed types was evaluated in the inner shelf of central western Sardinia (western Mediterranean sea), a site characterised by a complex seabed including sandy and gravelly sediments, Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds growing on hardgrounds (i.e. biogenic carbonates) and sedimentary substrates.  相似文献   

Persistent polybaric rests of calc-alkaline magmas at Stromboli volcano,Italy: pressure data from fluid inclusions in restitic quartzite nodules     

Gloria?Vaggelli  Lorella?FrancalanciEmail author  Giovanni?Ruggieri  Silvia?Testi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2003,65(6):385-404

A fluid-inclusion study has been performed on quartzite nodules of stromboli volcano hosted by calc-alkaline lavas of both the Strombolicchio (200 ka) and Paleostromboli II (60 ka) periods. The nodules are mainly composed of quartz crystals with subordinate plagioclase and K-feldspar. Small interstitial minerals such as plagioclase, K-feldspar, clinopyroxene, biotite, and quartz are also found, together with glass. Muscovite, epidote and zircon occur as accessory minerals. Different quartzite nodules occur: (1) equigranular polygonal granoblastic quartzite nodules forming a polygonal texture with clear triple points; (2) inequigranular polygonal granoblastic quartzite nodules; and (3) break-up nodules with strongly resorbed quartz. These quartzites are restites from partial melting, involving felsic crustal rocks at the magma/wall rock contact. Restitic quartz re-crystallises at variable and generally high temperatures, leading to the formation of quartzites with different textures. Quartz grains contain five types of fluid inclusions distinguished on the basis of both fluid type and textural/phase relationships at room temperature. Type I are two-phase (liquid+vapour) CO ₂-rich fluid inclusions. They are primary and subordinately pseudosecondary in origin and have undergone re-equilibration processes. Type II mono-phase/two-phase (vapour/liquid+vapour) CO ₂-rich fluid inclusions are the most common and, based on their spatial distribution and shape, they can be divided into two subclasses: type IIa and type IIb. Type II inclusions are secondary or pseudosecondary and they are assumed to have formed after decrepitation of type I inclusions and cracking of the host quartz. Type III inclusions are mono-phase (vapour); they possibly contain CO ₂ at very low density and surround the inner rims of quartz grains. Type IV two-phase silicate-melt inclusions contain glass±CO ₂-rich fluid. Some of them are cogenetic with type II inclusions. Finally, type V two-phase (liquid+vapour) aqueous inclusions are both vapour-rich and liquid-rich aqueous inclusions. Microthermometric experiments were performed on both type I and II inclusions. Type I inclusions homogenise to liquid between 20 and 30.5 °C. Type IIa inclusions homogenise to vapour in the 24 to 30 °C range, with a maximum peak of frequency at 29 °C. Type IIb inclusions also homogenise to vapour between 14 and 25 °C. There appears to be no difference in homogenisation temperature distribution between the Strombolicchio and Paleostromboli II samples. The trapping pressures of the fluid inclusions have been obtained by combining the microthermometric data of the Strombolicchio and Paleostromboli II samples with the pressure–temperature–volume (i.e. density) characteristics for a pure CO ₂ system. The data on the early inclusions (type I) suggest an important magma rest at a pressure of about 290 MPa (i.e. about 11-km depth). Type IIa CO ₂ inclusions suggest that a second magma rest occurred at a pressure of about 100 MPa (i.e. about 3.5-km depth), whereas type IIb inclusions were trapped later at a shallower depth during the final magma upwelling. No pressure/depth differences seem to occur between the Strombolicchio and Paleostromboli II periods, indicating the same polybaric rests for the calc-alkaline magmas of Stromboli, despite their significantly different ages. This persistence in magma stagnation conditions from 200 to 60 ka suggests a similar plumbing system for the present-day Strombolian activity.  相似文献   

Improving exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology: Application of spatio-temporal visualization tools     

Jaymie R. Meliker  Melissa J. Slotnick  Gillian A. AvRuskin  Andrew Kaufmann  Geoffrey M. Jacquez  Jerome O. Nriagu 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2005,7(1):49-66

A thorough assessment of human exposure to environmental agents should incorporate mobility patterns and temporal changes in human behaviors and concentrations of contaminants; yet the temporal dimension is often under-emphasized in exposure assessment endeavors, due in part to insufficient tools for visualizing and examining temporal datasets. Spatio-temporal visualization tools are valuable for integrating a temporal component, thus allowing for examination of continuous exposure histories in environmental epidemiologic investigations. An application of these tools to a bladder cancer case-control study in Michigan illustrates continuous exposure life-lines and maps that display smooth, continuous changes over time. Preliminary results suggest increased risk of bladder cancer from combined exposure to arsenic in drinking water (>25 g/day) and heavy smoking (>30 cigarettes/day) in the 1970s and 1980s, and a possible cancer cluster around automotive, paint, and organic chemical industries in the early 1970s. These tools have broad application for examining spatially- and temporally-specific relationships between exposures to environmental risk factors and disease.This study was supported by grant R01 CA96002-10, Geographic-Based Research in Cancer Control and Epidemiology, from the National Cancer Institute. Development of the STIS^TM software was funded by grants R43 ES10220 from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences and R01 CA92669 from the National Cancer Institute. Access to cancer case records was provided by Michigan Cancer Surveillance Program within the Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics, Michigan Department of Community Health. The authors thank Michigan Public Health Institute for conducting the telephone interview and Stacey Fedewa and Lisa Bailey for entering written surveys into a database. The authors thank 3 anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.  相似文献   

Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua     

Jennifer L. Lewicki  Deborah Bergfeld  Carlo Cardellini  Giovanni Chiodini  Domenico Granieri  Nick Varley  Cynthia Werner 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,68(1):76-90

We present a comparative study of soil CO₂ flux () measured by five groups (Groups 1–5) at the IAVCEI-CCVG Eighth Workshop on Volcanic Gases on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Groups 1–5 measured using the accumulation chamber method at 5-m spacing within a 900 m² grid during a morning (AM) period. These measurements were repeated by Groups 1–3 during an afternoon (PM) period. Measured ranged from 218 to 14,719 g m⁻² day⁻¹. The variability of the five measurements made at each grid point ranged from ±5 to 167%. However, the arithmetic means of fluxes measured over the entire grid and associated total CO₂ emission rate estimates varied between groups by only ±22%. All three groups that made PM measurements reported an 8–19% increase in total emissions over the AM results. Based on a comparison of measurements made during AM and PM times, we argue that this change is due in large part to natural temporal variability of gas flow, rather than to measurement error. In order to estimate the mean and associated CO₂ emission rate of one data set and to map the spatial distribution, we compared six geostatistical methods: arithmetic and minimum variance unbiased estimator means of uninterpolated data, and arithmetic means of data interpolated by the multiquadric radial basis function, ordinary kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and sequential Gaussian simulation methods. While the total CO₂ emission rates estimated using the different techniques only varied by ±4.4%, the maps showed important differences. We suggest that the sequential Gaussian simulation method yields the most realistic representation of the spatial distribution of , but a variety of geostatistical methods are appropriate to estimate the total CO₂ emission rate from a study area, which is a primary goal in volcano monitoring research.Editorial responsibility: H Shinohara  相似文献   

An Algebraic Method to Compute the Critical Points of the Distance Function Between Two Keplerian Orbits     

Giovanni F. Gronchi 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2005,93(1-4):295-329

We describe an efficient algorithm to compute all the critical points of the distance function between two Keplerian orbits (either bounded or unbounded) with a common focus. The critical values of this function are important for different purposes, for example to evaluate the risk of collisions of asteroids or comets with the Solar system planets. Our algorithm is based on the algebraic elimination theory: through the computation of the resultant of two bivariate polynomials, we find a 16th degree univariate polynomial whose real roots give us one component of the critical points. We discuss also some degenerate cases and show several examples, involving the orbits of the known asteroids and comets.   相似文献   

Managing groundwater rise: Experimental results and modelling of water pumping from a quarry lake in Milan urban area (Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Giovanni?Pietro?BerettaEmail author  Monica?Avanzini  Adelio?Pagotto 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(5):600-608

An innovative approach to solve the problem of lowering water table was carried out in a quarry lake south of the city of Milan (northern Italy): the project, based upon pumping out water at a rate of 1,000 L/s can be considered a strategic medium to long-term solution to hinder the rise of groundwater level interfering with underground structures (foundation, construction, subway) in urban areas. The basic idea is to pump a high groundwater rate as close as possible to the stagnation point of the piezometric depression located in the city. After a pilot-test was carried out in November 1998, experimental activities started in July 2001 and lasted one year; water withdrawal was discharged into artificial channels used in agricultural practice. Maximum drawdowns measured in the quarry lake by the monitoring network resulted in more than 5 m, and a significant drawdown was registered up to 1.5 km of distance from the quarry in the important historical site of Chiaravalle Abbey, threatened by groundwater rise. The results of this pumping activity confirm the importance of the project, its lower cost compared with traditional solutions (such as drainage by wells) and remarkable effects on the improvement of surface water quality. A groundwater model was implemented to evaluate further scenarios of discharge rate and pumping location, too.  相似文献   

Deformational features of the Ustica volcanic island in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy)     

Sandro de  Vita  Giuseppe Guzzetta  Giovanni Orsi 《地学学报》1995,7(6):623-629

Macro- and meso-structural analyses of the Ustica rock formations lead to an interpretation of most of the deformational features that define the structural framework of the island. A regime of sinistral transtension seems to be the best explanation for the most significant fault associations. This regime is consistent with the kinematic model for the Tyrrhenian back-arc-accretionary wedge system proposed by Doglioni (1991). A caldera collapse in the northern part of the island provides the major source of volcanotectonic deformation while cracks, open or filled by clastic and/or volcanic material, were formed by downslope block sliding mostly along the southern coastline. Joints in indurated surge deposits were generated by brittle deformations induced by gravity after deposition, rather than by tectonism.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic models of solar and stellar flares     

Giovanni Peres 《Solar physics》1989,121(1-2):289-298

This paper discusses the hydrodynamic modeling of flaring plasma confined in magnetic loops and its objectives within the broader scope of flare physics. In particular, the Palermo-Harvard model is discussed along with its applications to the detailed fitting of X-ray light curves of solar flares and to the simulation of high-resolution Ca xix spectra in the impulsive phase. These two approaches provide complementary constraints on the relevant features of solar flares. The extension to the stellar case, with the fitting of the light curve of an X-ray flare which occurred on Proxima Centauri, demonstrates the feasibility of using this kind of model for stars too. Although the stellar observations do not provide the wealth of details available for the Sun, and, therefore, constrain the model more loosely, there are strong motivations to pursue this line of research: the wider range of physical parameters in stellar flares and the possibility of studying further the solar-stellar connection.  相似文献   

Effects of a close encounter with Jupiter on different populations of planet-crossing objects     

Andrea Carusi  Giovanni B. Valsecchi 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1980,22(2):133-139

The evolutions of different planet-crossing populations due to a close encounter with Jupiter are examined and the implications on materials displacement throughout the solar system are discussed. The effects of the encounter are shown to be very important for those planet-crossers that could be responsible of planets surface cratering.Paper presented at the European Workshop on Planetary Sciences, organised by the Laboratorio di Astrofisica Spaziale di Frascati, and held between April 23–27, 1979, at the Accademia Nazionale del Lincei in Rome, Italy.  相似文献   

Incipient hydrothermal alteration of basalts and the origin of martian soil     

Melissa J. Nelson  Horton E. Newsom  David S. Draper 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(10):2701-2711

The martian soil is a fine-grained regolith that is chemically basaltic in character with evidence for both gains and losses of volatile and mobile elements compared to martian basalt compositions. These chemical fractionations provide clues to geochemical processes on the surface of Mars. Geochemical processes contributing to the soil proposed in the past include the chemical and mechanical breakdown of rocks under surface conditions, the addition of volcanic aerosols containing S and Cl compounds, and the alteration of basaltic glass to palagonite. Our studies of terrestrial analogs suggest that hydrothermal alteration processes involving impact craters and volcanism could also contribute to the major element trends observed in martian soil. Data from Viking, Pathfinder, and the current MER missions consistently show that relative to basaltic martian meteorite compositions, the major element compositions of the soils are (1) depleted in the fluid-mobile element calcium, (2) generally similar or somewhat enriched in iron oxide and magnesium but MgO depleted compared to Gusev rocks, (3) locally variable in potassium, (4) possibly poorer in aluminum, and (6) very enriched in chlorine and sulfur. The major element trends, aside from the Cl and S enrichment, could be explained by the formation or addition of palagonite according to McSween and Keil (2000), but the missing CaO remains a problem. The chlorine and sulfur are probably derived from other processes such as volcanic aerosols and hydrothermal fluids. McSween and Keil (2000) also argued that hydrothermal alteration of basalts produce alteration trends that are inconsistent with the Mars soil, but this study concludes otherwise. We have used quantitative mass balance mixing models to investigate possible models involving mixtures of basaltic compositions with different types of alteration materials, including palagonite. We show that the Mars soil composition can be matched with a combination of unweathered basaltic martian meteorites with basaltic FeO-rich, CaO-poor alteration products. Palagonite is a possible, but not a necessary component of successful model mixtures. The hydrothermal alteration materials that form successful model mixtures are formed in low temperature, low water/rock ratio environments, and they can reproduce the required geochemical trends because they are poorer in CaO but not in FeO compared to their respective protoliths. These results argue that material altered by hydrothermal processes could be a plausible component of the soil, and that removal of CaO from the soil into some undiscovered reservoir after its formation is not required. The current soil on Mars, therefore, did not have to undergo an episode of in situ aqueous alteration but could represent a sink for materials that experienced aqueous processes in a different setting before erosion to form the soil. The soil can also represent a sink for mobile elements (e.g., S, Cl, and Br) derived from other sources such as volcanic aerosols and hydrothermal fluids.  相似文献