Chemical Characterisation of Chromites by XRF Spectrometry     

Maria Fernanda Gazulla  Antonio Barba  María Pilar Gómez  Monica Orduña 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2006,30(3):237-243

The present study was undertaken to establish and validate a methodology for determining the chemical composition of chromite ores, as no detailed information could be found in the literature. Chromite ores from South Africa, Kazajistan and Mongolia were analysed. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry was used for chemical characterisation. Sample preparation in the form of fused beads was optimised in terms of sample:flux ratio, type of flux, type of release agent, fusion temperature and time. Calibration and validation samples were prepared from mixtures of reference materials. The proposed methodology was then used in an interlaboratory test for preparing a new chromite-rich reference material.
L'analyse présentée id a été entreprise afin d'établir et de valider une méthodologie pour déterminer la composition chimique de minerals de chromite, car aucune information détaillée là dessus ne pouvait etre trouvée dans la littérature. Des minerals de chromite d'Afrique du Sud, du Kazakhstan et de Mongolie ont été analysés par spectrométrie de Fluorescence de Rayons X (XRF) afin d'être caractérisés chimiquement. La préparation des échantillons afin d'obtenir des perles fondues a été optimisée en termes du rapport "échantillon/fondant", type de fondant, d'agent mouillant, température et durée de fusion. La calibration et la validation ont été faites à partir de mixtures de matériau de référence. La méthodologie proposée a été ensuite appliquée à un test d'inter-comparaison en vue de préparer un nouveau matériau de référence riche en chromite .  相似文献   

G-MODE CLASSIFICATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC DATA     

F. Tosi  A. Coradini  A. I. Gavrishin  A. Adriani  F. Capaccioni  P. Cerroni  G. Filacchione  R. H. Brown 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2005,96(3-4):165-197

We present the results of the application of the G-mode method to the spectral classification of the icy satellites of the giant planets. G-mode is a multivariate statistical technique for the classification of samples depending on many variables. Here this method is tested on the infrared spectra acquired by the Cassini/VIMS instrument onboard the Cassini spacecraft. This work demonstrates the suitability of automatic spectral classification methods for the study of fair resolution spectra, such as those from VIMS. Our data set is composed by two different kinds of data: observations of point targets (Galilean satellites data) and observations with medium spatial resolution (Phoebe data). In both situations, the G-mode classification performed well. In the first case, of a large number of subpixel observations of the Galilean satellites, through the G-mode it was possible to find statistically meaningful spectral groups of observations. In the case of Phoebe, of some spatially resolved observations, the G-mode classification of␣the infrared spectra of the surface led to several types, dominated by the different illumination geometry of the pixels, because, due to the irregular shape of the satellite, a proper illumination correction was not trivial to apply. Nevertheless, the decrease of the confidence level of the test as well as the re-application of the G-mode on the main type found, led to further types, whose statistical distance can be related to different chemical abundances. We plan to use the G-mode also on the data coming from ongoing and future observations of the icy Saturnian satellites.In the helioseismology literature, G-modes are gravity wave modes of the frequencies of oscillations of the Sun. Here we are dealing with a clustering method, which is essentially different.*E-mail: federico.tosi@rm.iasf.cnr.it  相似文献   

Ages of Detrital Zircon from Siliciclastic Successions South of the São Francisco Craton, Brazil: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Basins     

Claudia Sayo Valladares  Nuno Machado  Monica Heilbron  Gilles Gauthier 《Gondwana Research》2004,7(4):913-921

In this work we report ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb LA-ICPMS ages of 152 detrital zircons from lower greenschist facies quartzites from Proterozoic basin successions of the southern border of the São Francisco Craton, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. These are the intracratonic São João del Rei basin, the intraplate continental margin Andrelândia basin, and the Serra do Ouro Grosso sequence, developed on a crystalline basement older than 1.8 Ga, and deformed and metamorphosed during the Brasiliano Orogeny, ca. 0.59–0.50 Ga. The data constrain both the ages of the sources and the interval of sedimentation. The detrital zircons of the Serra do Ouro Grosso sequence were derived predominantly from the erosion of a Neoarchean crust, 2.5–2.8 Ga old, with only one grain showing a Paleoproterozoic age (2, 245±83 Ma) older than the Transamazonian event. Zircons extracted from a shelf quartzite of the lowermost sequence of the São João del Rei basin indicate derivation from the 1.8–2.2 Ga Transamazonian crust, with subordinate contribution from the 2.5–2.9 Ga Archean crust. The 1, 809±41 Ma age is interpreted as the maximum limit for sedimentation in this basin. The results confirm the regional correlation with the Espinhaço Rift successions. The zircons extracted from an autochthonous quartzite of the Andrelândia sequence yielded ages in the 1.0–2.2 Ga range, with a modal class at 1.2–1.3 Ga. Only two of the forty analyzed zircons yield Archean ages. The youngest zircon yields 1, 086±85 Ma. The zircons from the allochthonous quartzite yield ages between 1.0–2.7 Ga, with a modal class at 2.1–2.2 Ga. Only five of 45 analyzed grains yield Archean ages. The youngest zircon has an age of 1, 047±77 Ma. The results indicate that the detrital sediments deposited during the second marine flooding event of the Andrelândia sedimentation were mainly derived from the erosion of Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozic rocks. The 1, 047±77 Ma age is interpreted as the maximum depositional age for the described association.  相似文献   

Two Methods for the Laboratory Identification of Transversal Dispersivity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stefano Pisani  Nicola Tosi 《Ground water》1994,32(3):431-438

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Aerial observations of stratospheric descent in a Gulf of Genoa cyclone     

E. Tosi  R. B. Smith  M. L. Bradford 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1987,36(1-4):141-160

Summary The structure of a cyclone in the Gulf of Genoa on April 24, 25, 1982 is examined using an enhanced rawinsonde network, data from four ALPEX research flights, and satellite ozone and water vapor observations. This particular cyclone had, as a precursor, a mesoscale upper level vortex which approached the Alps from the north at a rate of about 400 km/6 hours. This small cyclone had a roughly axisymmetric tropopause fold. Cold air below the cyclone prevented it from having a surface pressure signature. Upon encountering the Alps, the cold air appeared to be deflected, allowing the cyclone reaching the Gulf of Genoa to extend to the surface. Aircraft data at thep447 mb level reveal a small volume of stratospheric air slightly ahead of the vortex center. This air is marked by high ozone concentration, low water vapor mixing ratio, and high relative vorticity. The boundaries of this region are very well defined with a horizontal scale of about 20 km, but with some evidence of advection and mixing processes. Satellite derived maps of vertically integrated ozone (TOMS) agree with the aircraft data regarding the position of the ozone maximum. Satellite images in the water vapor band /6.7 m) also agree with the aircraft data, and provide some information on the time evolution of the stratospheric intrusion.

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Luftbeobachtungen einer stratosphärischen Senkung in einer Genuazyklone

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Struktur einer Zyklone im Golf von Genua vom 24. und 25. April 1982, unter Verwendung eines verdichteten Radiosondennetzes, Daten von vier ALPEX-Forschungsflügen und Satellitenbeobachtungen von Ozon und Wasserdampf untersucht. Diese spezielle Zyklone hatte als Vorboten einen mesoskaligen Wirbel in der Höhe, der die Alpen vom Norden mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ca. 400 km/6 Std. erreichte. Diese kleine Zyklone wies eine ungefähr achsensymmetrische Senkung der Tropopause auf. Kalte Luft unterhalb der Zyklone verhinderte Anzeichen im Bodendruck. Beim Auftreffen auf die Alpen wurde die kalte Luft anscheinend abgelenkt, so daß sich die Zyklone beim Erreichen des Golfs von Genua bis zum Boden ausdehnen konnte. Flugzeugdaten aus dem Niveau mitp447 mb lassen eine kleine Menge stratosphärischer Luft etwas oberhalb des Wirbelzentrums erkennen. Diese Luft ist gekennzeichnet durch hohe Ozonkonzentration, niedriges Mischungsverhältnis und hoher relativer Vorticity. Die Grenzen dieser Region sind mit einem horizontalen Umfang von etwa 20 km sehr gut definiert, aber es gibt einige Anzeichen von Advektion und Mischungsprozessen. Mit Hilfe des Satelliten konstruierte Karten von vertikal integriertem Ozon (TOMS) stimmen mit den Flugzeugdaten über die Position des Ozonmaximums überein. Ebenso stimmen Satellitenbilder im Wasserdampfband (6.7 m) mit den Flugzeugdaten überein und liefern Informationen über den zeitlichen Ablauf der stratosphärischen Eindringung.

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With 19 Figures  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Brian J. Mitchell  Zbigniew Fajklewicz  Emile A. Okal  Leszek Czechowski  Richard Barakat  Brian Farrell  Roberto Legnani  Ennio Tosi  Stanisŀaw Michnowski 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1985,123(6):976-994

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Recurrent and persistent brown tide blooms perturb coastal marine ecosystem     

Elizabeth M. Cosper  William C. Dennison  Edward J. Carpenter  V. Monica Bricelj  James G. Mitchell  Susan H. Kuenstner  David Colflesh  Maynard Dewey 《Estuaries and Coasts》1987,10(4):284-290

Throughout the summers of 1985 and 1986 a small (2–3 μm diameter), previously underscribed chrysophyte bloomed monospecifically (>10⁹ cells 1^?1) in Long Island embayments. The bloom colored the water dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds through decreased light penetration and caused starvation (tissue weight loss) and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations. These perturbations portend longterm changes in subtidal communities Similar and concurrent blooms in bays of Rhode Island and New Jersey suggest a meteorological component of the environmental conditions promoting bloom formation. Culture experiments with isolates of the microalga suggest the presence of stimulatory growth factors in the bloom seawater. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY040 00002  相似文献   

Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India     

Monica V. Ogra   《Geoforum》2008,39(3):1408-1422

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a growing problem for communities located at the borders of protected areas. Such conflicts commonly take place as crop-raiding events and as attack by wild animals, among other forms. This paper uses a feminist political ecology approach to examine these two problems in an agricultural village located at the border of Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttaranchal), India. Specifically, it investigates the following three questions: What are the “visible” and “hidden” costs of such conflict with wildlife? To what extent are these costs differentially borne by men and women? How do villagers perceive any such differences? Survey and interview data were collected from over 100 individuals in the study site over a period of 9 months in 2003–2004. It was found that for participants in this study, costs of HWC included decreased food security, changes to workload, decreased physical and psychological wellbeing, economic hardship, and at times an increase in illegal or dangerous activities. The research also showed that although women in the study area bore a disproportionate burden of these effects, roughly half of survey respondents perceived that men and women were equally affected. A possible explanation for this gap considers the relationships between gendered uses of space, work, status, and identity. The findings illustrate the importance of addressing both visible and hidden costs of HWC for members of park communities and support a call for increased gender-sensitivity in HWC research.  相似文献   

A conceptual and numerical model for groundwater management: a case study on a coastal aquifer in southern Tuscany, Italy   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

Piero Barazzuoli  Monica Nocchi  Roberto Rigati  Massimo Salleolini 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(8):1557-1576

Ongoing hydrogeological research aims to develop a correct management model for the Plio-Pleistocene multi-aquifer system of the Albegna River coastal plain (southern Tuscany, Italy); overexploitation of this aquifer for irrigation and tourism has caused seawater intrusion. The conceptual model is based on field and laboratory data collected during the 1995–2003 period. Meteoric infiltration and flows from the adjoining carbonate aquifer recharge the aquifer. Natural outflow occurs through a diffuse flow into the sea and river; artificial outflow occurs through intensive extraction of groundwater from wells. Water exchanges in the aquifer occur naturally (leakage, closing of aquitard) and artificially (multiscreened wells). The aquifer was represented by a three-dimensional finite element model using the FEFLOW numerical code. The model was calibrated for steady-state and transient conditions by matching computed and measured piezometric levels (February 1995–February 1996). The model helped establish that seawater intrusion is essentially due to withdrawals near the coast during the irrigation season and that it occurs above all in the Osa-Albegna sector, as well as along the river that at times feeds the aquifer. The effects of hypothetical aquifer exploitation were assessed in terms of water budget and hydraulic head evolution.  相似文献   

Public understanding of climate change terminology     

Bruine de Bruin  Wändi  Rabinovich  Lila  Weber  Kate  Babboni  Marianna  Dean  Monica  Ignon  Lance 《Climatic change》2021,167(3-4):1-21

Climatic Change - The UK, like other countries, has seen a proliferation of declarations of local climate emergencies. While these declarations have been interpreted as a demonstration of ambition,...  相似文献