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11.
The dynamic coalescence of two mode II cracks on a planar fault is simulated here using the elastodynamic boundary integral equation method. We focus on the complexity of the resultant slip rate and seismic radiation in the crack coalescence model (CCM) and on the reconstruction of a single crack model (SCM) that can reproduce the CCM waveforms from heterogeneous source parameters rather than coalescence. Simulation results reveal that localized higher slip rates are generated by coalescence as a result of stress interaction between the approaching crack tips. The synthesized seismic radiation exhibits a distinct coalescence phase that has striking similarities to stopping phases in the radiation and propagation properties. The corresponding SCM yields a singular increase in the stress drop distribution, which is accompanied by a sudden decrease in it across the point of coalescence in the CCM. This implies that the generation of high-frequency radiation is more efficient from coalescence than from stopping, although both phenomena exhibit the same strong ω−2 -type displacement spectra. 相似文献
12.
Nobuki Kawashima Kazunori Akai Yukio Murasato Susumu Sasaki 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1984,106(1):117-123
In an electron beam emission experiment on board the EXOS-B (JIKIKEN) satellite (200 V, 1 mA-maximum), several types of waves are strongly excited by the beam such as plasma frequency, upper hybrid frequency, electron cyclotron frequency, their harmonics and nonlinear coupling of these waves. Measurements of these waves give information on local plasma density and magnetic field strength and it is revealed that the electron beam emission from the spacecraft is a powerful diagnostic tool in the magnetosphere. A long term observation in this electron beam experiment has provided us with the average plasma density profile in the magnetosphere. It is also useful for the detection of the plasmapause. Plasma density measurements down to the order of 10 cm–3 are possible. The instrument itself is very simple and compact, so that it will be a powerful plasma diagnostic tool in future magnetospheric and planetary explorations. 相似文献
13.
Kotaro Shirai Tatsunori Kawashima Tsuyoshi Watanabe Naoto Takahata Yuji Sano 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(22):5386-5400
Chemical and isotopic compositions of the Acropora nobilis skeleton were analyzed at various spatial resolutions to investigate the mechanism by which elements are incorporated into the skeleton. Chemical and isotopic profiles along growth axes of axial and radial corallites did not show seasonal variation, with the exception of the δ18O profile of the axial corallite. Detailed observations of the skeletal structure revealed that the skeletal density increased with distance from the tip because secondarily precipitated aragonite (here called the “infilling” skeleton) filled pore spaces in the “framework” skeleton. Microscale element analyses revealed that main part of the infilling skeleton had lower Mg/Ca and higher Sr/Ca and U/Ca than the framework skeleton. At microscale, Sr/Ca and U/Ca were positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with Mg/Ca but only weakly. The results showed that the infilling skeleton differed significantly from the adjacent framework skeleton in terms of not only formation chronology but also chemical composition, and that the bulk composition was influenced by the infilling/framework skeletal ratio. In order to use the Acropora skeleton as a paleoclimate archive, the relationship between environmental factors and the chemical composition of each skeletal component needs to be established. 相似文献
14.
Summary Surface air temperature in central Japan was predicted from the temperature recordings from sensors in the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS), using seven different procedures: the usual simple and universal kriging and cokriging estimators, the traditional regression analysis and the inverse distance weighted method. The cokriging estimator integrated digital elevation data as well as the air temperature readings. The performance of the procedures was evaluated and compared using cross-validation.The kriging estimator provided a better estimate than the traditional regression analysis that treated the data as spatially independent observations. The kriging estimate was also better than the inverse distance weighted method. Further improvement in the estimation accuracy was achieved by using cokriging procedures because of high correlation of air temperature with elevation. The accuracy of spatial prediction decreased due to nocturnal cooling in winter and daytime heating in summer. This decrease implies that a strong radiation balance at the surface, whether positive or negative, causes a relatively short-range variation in surface air temperature through the effects of local environments.With 8 Figures 相似文献
15.
To systematically explain relations between light hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 concentrations/emissions of biomassburning, we measured concentrations/emissions of carbon gases – CO,CO2, light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H6,C2H4, C2H2, C3H8, C3H6,n-C4H10, i-C4H10, n-C5H12,i-C5H12), and THC (total hydrocarbon) – in the burning of dead plant material, mainly Imperata grass, byclosed-chamber experiments and by time-series analyses of gas concentrations in combustion plumes in relatively efficient and inefficient combustion situations. Concentrations of hydrocarbons measured were well correlated to [CO] although [C2H2] was exceptionally well correlated to[CO2]. The phase diagrams (relation between [CO]/ [CO2] and [hydrocarbon]/ [CO2]) obtained by the time-seriesexperiments well illustrated the variation in the overall emission rates of the closed-chamber experiments. The higher rates of decrease in hydrocarbon concentration with increasing carbon number in the efficient case compared with the inefficient case probably reflected the rate of oxidation and the amount of radicals. The overall concentrations (or emissions) of C2H4 and C3H6 were higher thanthose of C2H6 and C3H8, suggesting a linkage to mechanisms in whichthe predominant path of hydrocarbon oxidation is through the degradation of alkyl radicals, which can be immediately converted into or formed from alkenes. For C3 and C4 species, normal-chain species hadhigher emissions than iso-chain species under lower combustion efficiency. This may be attributable to the presence of tertiary C–H bonds in iso-species,which show more reactivity in the abstraction of H than secondary C–H bonds unless the carbon number is large. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents the result of multiple regression analysis of 197 sets of two orthogonal horizontal strong motion acceleration records. They were obtained at 67 free field sites in Japan from 90 earthquakes with focal depth less than 60 km. Because sensitivity of the Japanese SMAC accelerograph is appreciably low at the high frequency range, instrument correction was performed on the original data. Each pair of two orthogonal horizontal components was combined in the time domain to get the maximum peak ground motions in the horizontal plane. The records were classified into three groups due to subsoil condition. With the use of multiple regression analysis, empirical formulae of attenuation of the maximum peak ground acceleration, velocity and displacement were proposed for three subsoil conditions. 相似文献
17.
Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receiver network in Japan: a short review 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) are wave-like perturbations of the ionospheric plasma with wavelengths
of several hundred kilometres and velocities of several hundred metres per second. MSTID is one of the most common ionospheric
phenomena that generally induce the perturbations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by ∼1016 electron/m2, which corresponds to ∼54 ns (16.2 cm) delay at GPS L1 signal. In the past decade, several new characteristics on MSTIDs
have been revealed by the TEC observations using the dense GPS receiver network in Japan. In this paper, we provide a short
review of these new observations and summarize the morphological characteristics of MSTIDs in Japan. 相似文献
18.
S.Z. Farooqui M. Karim N. Kawashima A. Qadir H. Rehman 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,258(1-2):221-235
The proposed ‘Gravitational-Wave Antenna Detector InteRferometer (GWADIR)’ will be a 3 km × 3 km Fabry-Perot type laser interferometer.
The laser oscillator to be used will be a DL excited Nd-YAG laser with a minimum output of 100 Watts. The optical system will
consist of 25 cm diameter Recycler, Beam Splitter, and Near/End Mirrors for each of two Ducts. The mirror system will be suspended
by fine wires to isolate the system from the seismic noises of the earth. The output light emerging from the interferometer
will be split into 8 beams and sent to 8 different interference detectors. These detectors will measure the interference intensities
for the recombined light from the separate legs of the interferometer. The effective amplification due to the interferometer
cavities will allow measurements of displacements to better than 10 times the wavelength of the laser light. A high vacuum
of 10-8 Torrs will be maintained throughout the system, using turbo-molecular and ion pumps. The detector is designed to reach
strain sensitivities from gravitational sources of h<10-23 (Hz)- 1/2 with a broad-band and narrow-band measurement capability
in the range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 4 Hz, thus allowing it to detect ‘standard’ signals from such sources as coalescing neutron stars or black-holes out to the
edge of the universe. If enough funding became available, the project is expected to complete by the middle of the next decade.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Toshiyuki Ohtsuka Mitsuru Hirota Xianzhou Zhang Ayako Shimono Yukiko Senga Minguan Du Seiichiro Yonemura Shigeto Kawashima Yanhong Tang 《Polar Science》2008,2(4):277-285
To accurately estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in upper alpine to nival zones on the Tibetan Plateau, we inventoried SOC pools in 0–0.3 m profiles along an altitudinal gradient (4400–5300 m asl). We also studied vegetation properties and decomposition activity along the gradient to provide insight into the mechanisms of SOC storage. The vegetation cover and belowground root biomass showed a gradual increased with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone at 4800–4950 m before decreasing in the nival zone at 5200–5300 m.Decomposition activity was invariant along the altitudinal gradient except in the nival zone. SOC pools at lower sites were relatively small (2.6 kg C m−2 at 4400 m), but increased sharply with altitude, reaching a peak in the upper alpine zone (4950 m; 13.7 kg C m−2) before decreasing (1.0 kg C m−2 at 5300 m) with altitude in the nival zone. SOC pool varied greatly within individual alpine meadows by a factor of five or more, as did bulk density, partly due to the effect of grazing. Inventory data for both carbon density and bulk density along altitudinal gradients in alpine ecosystems are of crucial importance in estimating global tundra SOC storage. 相似文献
20.
Nobuki Kame Satoshi Fujita Masao Nakatani Tetsuya Kusakabe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(8):2237-2246
Recently Nagata et al. (J Geophys Res 117:B02314, 2012) have proposed a new version of rate- and state-dependent friction law (RSF) that seems to have eventually resolved all the previously known discrepancies in the existing RSFs from laboratory observations. The values of a and b, empirical RSF parameters determined by fitting the same laboratory experiments, have been revised to be five times greater and a newly noticed weakening effect by shear stress with a coefficient c has been introduced. By using this revised RSF, we reinvestigated a problem of 2D quasi-static nucleation on faults. A crack-like nucleation-zone expansion known for the ‘aging’ version of RSF is not sustainable with the ‘Nagata’ law, which is understandable as the Nagata law does not produce a slip-weakening distance proportional to the involved strength reduction, an aging law’s feature that contradicts laboratory observations. The later stage of Nagata-law nucleation shows localization of quasi-static slip within a limited spatial extent, but the localization is much milder than that predicted by the ‘slip’ version of RSF. With an appropriate c parameter of the Nagata law, the nucleation size seems to be reduced only by a factor from that of the aging law. 相似文献