Very rapid subsurface hydrothermal ore deposition mechanisms and the origin of breccia-hosted iron-oxide copper–gold deposits     

Nicholas H.S. Oliver  Michael J. Rubenach  Jaiby-Ann Jacob  Brian G. Rusk  Martina Bertelli  James S. Cleverley  Thomas G. Blenkinsop  David R. Cooke  Timothy Baker  Damien Jungman  Bruce W.D. Yardley  Timothy Laneyrie 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2009

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Properties of dusty tori in active galactic nuclei – I. The case of SWIRE/SDSS quasars     

E. Hatziminaoglou  J. Fritz  A. Franceschini  A. Afonso-Luis  A. Hernán-Caballero  I. Pérez-Fournon  S. Serjeant  C. Lonsdale  S. Oliver  M. Rowan-Robinson  D. Shupe  H. E. Smith  J. Surace 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(3):1252-1264

We derive the properties of dusty tori in active galactic nuclei from the comparison of observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of SDSS quasars and a precomputed grid of torus models. The observed SEDs comprise SDSS photometry, Two-Micron All-Sky Survey J , H and K data, whenever available, and mid-infrared (mid-IR) data from the Spitzer Wide-area InfraRed Extragalactic Survey. The adopted model is that of Fritz, Franceschini & Hatziminaoglou. The fit is performed by standard  χ²  -minimization; the model, however, can be a multicomponent comprising a stellar and a starburst component, whenever necessary. Models with low equatorial optical depth, τ_9.7, were allowed as well as 'traditional' models with  τ_9.7≥ 1.0  , corresponding to   A _V≥ 22  and the results were compared. Fits using high optical depth tori models only produced dust more compactly distributed than in the configuration where all τ_9.7 models were permitted. Tori with decreasing dust density with the distance from the centre were favoured while there was no clear preference for models with or without angular variation of the dust density. The computed outer radii of the tori are of some tens of parsecs large but can reach, in a few cases, a few hundreds of parsecs. The mass of dust, M _Dust, and IR luminosity, L _IR, integrated in the wavelength range between 1 and 1000 μm, do not show significant variations with redshift, once the observational biases are taken into account. Objects with 70-μm detections, representing 25 per cent of the sample, are studied separately and the starburst contribution (whenever present) to the IR luminosity can reach, in the most extreme but very few cases, 80 per cent.  相似文献   

Contrasting degrees of recrystallization of carbonaceous material in the Nelson aureole,British Columbia and Ballachulish aureole,Scotland, with implications for thermometry based on Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Oliver Beyssac  David R. M. Pattison  Franck Bourdelle 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(1):71-95

The degree of recrystallization of carbonaceous material (CM), as monitored by Raman microspectroscopy, was examined as a function of metamorphic grade in two well‐studied contact aureoles containing carbonaceous pelites: the Nelson aureole, British Columbia and the Ballachulish aureole, Scotland. Here, we use (a) the R2 ratio extracted from the Raman spectrum of CM as a proxy for the degree of graphitization (0.0 in perfect graphite then increasing with structural defects) and (b) the second‐order S1 band (~2,700 cm^?1) as a marker for the tridimensional ordering of CM. The Nelson aureole (garnet–staurolite–andalusite–sillimanite–K‐feldspar sequence, ~550–650°C, 3.5–4.0 kbar) was developed in rocks that were unmetamorphosed prior to contact metamorphism, whereas the Ballachulish aureole (cordierite–andalusite–K‐feldspar–sillimanite sequence, ~550–700°C, ~3.0 kbar) was developed in rocks that had been metamorphosed to garnet grade conditions (~7 kbar, ~500°C) c. 45 Ma before contact metamorphism. Thirty‐one samples were examined from Nelson and 29 samples from Ballachulish. At Nelson, the R2 ratio steadily decreases from ~0.25 to 0.0 as the igneous contact is approached, whereas at Ballachulish, the R2 ratio remains largely unchanged from regional values (~0.20–0.25) until less than 100 m from the igneous contact. The second‐order S1 band reveals that carbonaceous material (CM) was transformed to highly “ordered” locally tridimensional graphitic carbon at Ballachulish by regional metamorphism prior to contact metamorphism, whereas CM was still a disordered turbostratic (bidimensional) material before contact metamorphism in the case of Nelson. Pretexturation of CM likely induced sluggish recrystallization of CM and delayed graphitization in the Ballachulish aureole. Temperatures of recrystallization of the CM in the two aureoles were estimated using different published calibrations of the thermometry based on Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM), with differences among the calibrations being minor. In the Nelson aureole, temperatures are in reasonable agreement with those indicated by the metapelitic phase equilibria (all within 50°C, most within 25°C). In the Ballachulish aureole, the retarded crystallization noted above results in increasing underestimates of temperatures compared to the metapelitic phase equilibria (up to ~75°C too low within 200 m of the igneous contact). Our study calls for careful attention when using RSCM thermometry in complexly polymetamorphosed rocks to assess properly the meaning of the calculated temperature.  相似文献   

Testing the fidelity of thermometers at ultrahigh temperatures   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chris Clark  Richard J. M. Taylor  Tim E. Johnson  Simon L. Harley  Ian C. W. Fitzsimons  Liam Oliver 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(7):917-934

A highly residual granulite facies rock (sample RG07‐21) from Lunnyj Island in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, presents an opportunity to compare different approaches to constraining peak temperature in high‐grade metamorphic rocks. Sample RG07‐21 is a coarse‐grained pelitic migmatite composed of abundant garnet and orthopyroxene along with quartz, biotite, cordierite, and plagioclase with accessory rutile, ilmenite, zircon, and monazite. The inferred sequence of mineral growth is consistent with a clockwise pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution when compared with a forward model (P–T pseudosection) for the whole‐rock chemical composition. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated at 9 ± 0.5 kbar and 910 ± 50°C based on conventional Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermobarometry, Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry, and calculated compositional isopleths. U–Pb ages from zircon rims and neocrystallized monazite grains yield ages of c. 514 Ma, suggesting that crystallization of both minerals occurred towards the end of the youngest pervasive metamorphic episode in the region known as the Prydz Tectonic Event. The rare earth element compositions of zircon and garnet are consistent with equilibrium growth of these minerals in the presence of melt. When comparing the thermometry methods used in this study, it is apparent that the Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermobarometer provides the most reliable estimate of peak conditions. There is a strong textural correlation between the temperatures obtained using the Zr‐in‐rutile thermometer––maximum temperatures are recorded by a single rutile grain included within orthopyroxene, whereas other grains included in garnet, orthopyroxene, quartz, and biotite yield a range of temperatures down to 820°C. Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry returns significantly lower temperature estimates of 678–841°C. Estimates at the upper end of this range are consistent with growth of zircon from crystallizing melt at temperatures close to the elevated (H₂O undersaturated) solidus. Those estimates, significantly lower than the calculated temperature of this residual solidus, may reflect isolation of rutile from the effective equilibration volume leading to an activity of TiO₂ that is lower than the assumed value of unity.  相似文献   

Increasing Singapore's resilience to drought          下载免费PDF全文

Alan D. Ziegler  James P. Terry  Grahame J.H. Oliver  Daniel A. Friess  Chong Joon Chuah  Winston T.L. Chow  Robert J. Wasson 《水文研究》2014,28(15):4543-4548

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Precise orbit and baseline determination for maneuvering low earth orbiters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ju  Bing  Gu  Defeng  Herring  Thomas A.  Allende-Alba  Gerardo  Montenbruck  Oliver  Wang  Zhengming 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(1):53-64

GPS Solutions - Orbital maneuvers are usually performed as needed for low earth orbiters to maintain a predefined trajectory or formation-flying configuration. To avoid unexpected discontinuities...  相似文献   

Project cyclops study: Conclusions and recommendations     

Bernard M. Oliver 《Icarus》1973,19(3):425-428

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Zur Bestimmung des Schneeanteils am Gesamtniederschlag     

H. Steinhäußer 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1950,2(1-2):129-133

Zusammenfassung Aus den Monatsberichten einiger hydrographischer Stationen der Ostalpen in verschiedenen Höhenlagen wird bestimmt, welche Niederschlagsmengen 1 cm der gemessenen Neuschneehöhen entsprechen, im Monats- und im Jahresmittel. In Abhängigkeit von der Höhenlage weist die Niederschlagsmenge pro Zentimeter Neuschneehöhe ein ausgeprägtes Minimum bei 1350 m Seehöhe auf. Durch Multiplikation des der Seehöhe entsprechenden Wertes dieser Kurve mit der an einer Station der Ostalpen gemessenen Neuschneehöhe der Periode 1896/97–1915/16 erhält man den Schneeanteil dieser Station am Gesamtniederschlag. Die auf diese Art bestimmten Anteilmengen sind in der Regel dann größer bzw. kleiner als die nachV. Conrad berechneten Werte, wenn die Anomalien der jährlichen Neuschneehöhen nachE. Ekhart positiv bzw. negativ sind.

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Summary On the base of monthly reports of several hydrographic stations in the Eastern Alps, the amounts of precipitation corresponding to 1 cm of fresh snow-depth have been calculated in the monthly and yearly average. As a function of the altitude the amount of precipitation per cm fresh snow-depth shows a marked minimum at the altitude of 1350 m. By multiplication of the fresh snow-depths, measured at a station of the Eastern Alps during the period 1896/97–1915/16, with the corresponding value of the above curve the snow fraction of the total precipitation of this station can be obtained. As a rule, the fractions determined in this way are greater or smaller than those calculated byV. Conrad according as the anomalies of the yearly fresh snow-depths given byE. Ekhart are respectively positive or negative.

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Résumé On calcule la quantité d'eau météorique correspondant à 1 cm. de neige fraîche (moyennes mensuelles et annuelles) sur la base des rapports mensuels de quelques stations hydrographiques des Alpes orientales. Cette quantité, considérée en fonction de l'altitude, présente un minimum net vers 1350 m. En multipliant la valeur correspondant à l'altitude d'une station des Alpes orientales où furent mesurées les hauteurs de neige fraîche pendant la période 1896/97 à 1915/16 par cette hauteur même, on obtient la fraction en neige des précipitations totales en ce point. Les fractions ainsi calculées sont dans la règle plus grandes ou plus petites que les valeurs établies parV. Conrad selon que les anomalies des hauteurs annuelles de neige fraîche, d'aprèsE. Ekhart, sont respectivement positives ou négatives.

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Mit 2 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

Zur Deutung der Vertikalbewegungen der Festländer und Meere     

Franz E. Sueß 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1921,11(7-8):361-406

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Rural Social Networks along Amazonian Rivers: Seeds,Labor and Soccer among Communities on the Napo River,Peru          下载免费PDF全文

Christian Abizaid  Oliver T. Coomes  Yoshito Takasaki  J. Pablo Arroyo‐Mora 《Geographical review》2018,108(1):92-119

Research on Amazonian communities has focussed more often on rural‐urban linkages than on links among rural communities. This is unsurprising, given the low density of population, limited intercommunity commerce, and importance of direct city‐market relations. Social relations among rural communities are also important in shaping rural livelihoods and lifeways. We report on the findings of a large‐scale census of communities in the Napo River basin in northeastern Peru (n=174). Data were gathered on intervillage crop seed acquisition and cooperative labor sharing as two key inputs in agriculture, and on intervillage soccer matches, which are integral to rural social life. We analyze the socio‐spatial networks of each practice, paying attention to settlement patterns, community ethnicity, and differential access to the uplands. We find that seeds and labor flow along soccer network lines. Rural social networks appear to be structured strongly by ethnicity (homophily) and reflect important complementarities between upland and lowland communities (weak ties).  相似文献