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21.
We studied interactions between animal disturbance (geese, carp, and muskrat) and elevation in a field experiment in tidal freshwater marshes of the Patuxent River, Maryland, United States. Vegetation changes were recorded in fenced and unfenced plots in high and low marsh community types for 2 yr using measurements of areal cover and within-plot frequency (which were averaged to create a dominance index), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and aboveground biomass. We related light environment to differences in vegetation using below-canopy measurements of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). In the low marsh, total cover of all species, cover of annual species, biomass, and LAI were significantly higher in plots fenced to exclude animals (exclosures) than in unfenced plots (fenced/unfenced total cover=76/40%, annual cover=45/10%, biomass=936/352 g m?2, LAI=3.3/1.4). PAR was significantly lower in fenced than unfenced plots (fenced/unfenced=115/442 μmol s-1 m?2). Despite the strong effect of fencing on biomass, species richness per plot (i.e., the number of species per plot, or species density) was not affected significantly by fencing in the low marsh. Most of the observed differences in cover, biomass, LAI, and PAR were due to variation in the abundance of the herbaceous annual speciesBidens laevis (dominance index fenced/unfenced=45/10%) andZizania aquatica (30/12%). In the high marsh community, fencing had only minor effects on plant community composition and did not significantly affect species richness, cover, biomass, PAR, or LAI. Our results show that animals can dramatically affect low marsh vegetation, primarily via physical disturbance or herbivory of shallowly rooted seedlings of annual species. 相似文献
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D. Band L. Ford J. Matteson J. P. Lestrade B. Teegarden B. Schaefer T. Cline M. Briggs W. Paciesas G. Pendleton R. Austin G. Fishman C. Meegan R. Wilson 《Experimental Astronomy》1992,2(5):307-330
We describe the channel-to-energy calibration of the Spectroscopy Detectors of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO). These detectors consist of NaI(Tl) crystals viewed by photomultiplier tubes whose output in turn is measured by a pulse height analyzer. The calibration of these detectors has been complicated by frequent gain changes and by nonlinearities specific to the BATSE detectors. Nonlinearities in the light output from the NaI crystal and in the pulse height analyzer are shifted relative to each other by changes in the gain of the photomultiplier tube. We present the analytical model which is the basis of our calibration methodology, and outline how the empirical coefficients in this approach were determined. We also describe the complications peculiar to the Spectroscopy Detectors, and how our understanding of the detectors' operation led us to a solution to these problems. 相似文献
23.
中国盆地火山岩特性及其与油气成藏作用的联系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在全面总结火山岩的特性、火山岩油气藏的成藏条件、类型以及成藏控制因素的基础上,详细列举了与火山岩油气藏成藏过程密切相关的火山岩的岩相、岩性、储集空间类型及其形成、演化的主要控制因素。火山岩具有良好的储集条件,其储集空间主要为裂缝和孔隙等,储集空间的发育程度主要受岩相、岩性、粒度、构造应力和充填期等因素的制约;丰富的生油层、优越的储集条件、火山岩裂隙主要发育期和油气聚集期相近、良好的盖层以及适当的圈闭条件相匹配,则有利于油气聚集成藏。火山岩型油气藏的勘探已成为油气储量和产量的新增长点。 相似文献