Origin of Basalt Magmas: An Experimental Study of Natural and Synthetic Rock Systems   总被引：11，自引：20，他引：11  

YODER  H. S.  JR.; TILLEY  C. E. 《Journal of Petrology》1962,3(3):342-532

Natural basalts and eclogites were investigated experimentallyat a series of temperatures in the pressure range 1 atm to 40kb and with water pressures 1 to 10 kb. Some runs were alsomade on related synthetic systems at 10 and 33 kb. The two principal magma types recognized by field investigators—tholeiiteand alkali basalt types-appear to be separated by equilibriumthermal divides at 1 atm. The principal divides were found byexperiment at elevated pressures to give way to a new set ofequilibrium thermal divides resulting from a new mineralogy.The change of the equilibrium thermal divides with pressureleads to the derivation of the two principal magma trends fromthe same bulk composition. The melting behavior of basalts and eclogites indicates thatboth are the partial melting products of a more primitive rock(e.g. garnet peridotite). In the region of magma generation(below 60 km) the parental material, presumed to be garnet peridotite,yields an eclogitic magma and its fractionation depends on thegarnet and omphacite of the eclogite, not on plagioclase andclinopyroxene of a basaltic magma. Increase of the garnet constituentsin the magma at high pressure by effective removal of omphaciteor shift of the garnet-omphacite boundary ‘surface’will give rise to a tholeiite-type magma at low pressure. Similarly,increase of the omphacite constituents in the magma at highpressure by physical or physicochemical means will give riseto an alkali basalt-type magma at low pressure. In general,alkali basalt-type magmas are to be expected to be generatedat greater depths than tholeiite-type magmas from the same primarysource rock. Establishment of the two major basalt series takes place inthe region of generation; additional minor diversification ofeach series may come about after emplacement in or on the crustby crystal settling, oxidation or reduction, gas fluxing, contamination,and other processes. The derivative magmas are greatly restrictedby the course of liquid thermal descent imposed at generation. Pressure-temperature limits established experimentally suggestthat the basalt-eclogite transformation may be responsible forthe Mohorovii discontinuity under the continents, but not underthe oceans. The field of stability of basalt is drastically reduced in thepresence of water, and amphibolite is produced. The meltingof amphibolite takes place over a much greater range of temperaturethan basalt. At 10 kb water pressure the beginning of meltingof amphibolite closely approaches that of granite. Partial meltingof amphibolite may yield anorthositic liquids having a relativelylow anorthite content at exceptionally low temperatures. Eclogiteitself is not stable in the presence of water and gives placeto amphibolite or pyroxene hornblendite. Magmas which crystallizeto basalt, gabbro, or eclogite must have had a low water-contentat the time of crystallization. Fifteen rock and twenty-three mineral analyses as well as numerouspartial chemical analyses of experimental products were madeby J. H. Scoon in the course of the investigation. These chemicalanalyses bear on many mineralogical and petrological problems.  相似文献   

Muscovite Reactions and Partial Melting in South-eastern Connecticut     

LUNDGREN  L. W.  JR. 《Journal of Petrology》1966,7(3):421-453

A sillimanite-orthoclase isograd mapped in south-eastern Connecticutcuts across the strike of the major Ordovician pelitic schistunit. This isograd separates a sillimanite muscovite zone froma sillimanite-orthoclase zone. Muscovite is not present in thesillimanite-orthoclase zone. Segments of all the Cambrian (?) and Ordovician units in south-easternConnecticut were affected by the reaction: muscovite_ssquartzsodicplagioclase_ss = sillimaniteorthoclase_ssless sodic plagioclase_sswater (Guidotti, 1963), and possibly by reactions such as muscovite_ssbiotite_ss3 quartz – orthoclase_ssgarnet_ssTi-rich biotite_sswater.This metamorphism was a post-Lower Devonian event. The sodiumcontent of orthoclases and data on stability boundaries formuscovite, anthophyllite, and cordierite suggest temperaturesof metamorphism in the sillimanite-orthoclase zone of more than650 C. Migmatites were formed during this metamorphic event,partly by isochemical elimination of muscovite to form 7 percent. orthoclase for every 10 per cent. modal muscovite initiallypresent. Most of the migmatites must have developed by partialmelting of rocks in which muscovite was being eliminated, andby the intrusion of melt from deeper zones in which biotitewas being eliminated. Melting in the lower-temperature partof the sillimanite-orthoclase zone must have been controlledby the amount of water released from muscovite; melting in thehigher temperature part may have been more extensive if thetemperature was sufficiently high to produce melts undersaturatedwith water.  相似文献   

VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF AQUEOS CLAY SUSPENSIONS AS A TOOL FOR DETERMINING MINERALOGIC TYPE OF CLAYS     

JOHN O. ROBERTSON JR.    HERMAN H. RIEKE  GEORGE V. CHILINGAR 《Sedimentology》1965,4(3):181-187

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DEGREE OF HYDRATION OF CLAYS     

GEORGE V. CHILINGAR  HERMAN H. RIEKE  III  JOHN O. ROBERTSON JR. 《Sedimentology》1963,2(4):341-342

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Case study and numerical simulation of the summer regional circulation in São Paulo,Brazil     

Maria A. F. Silva Dias  Pier Luigi Vidale  Cintia M. R. Blanco 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1995,74(4):371-388

The three-dimensional mesoscale circulation in the vicinity of the city of São Paulo is examined through model simulations validated by observational data obtained during a field experiment. The complex terrain surrounding the plateau where the city is located, plus proximity to the sea, represent the local controls on the wind field with implications for boundary-layer transport of atmospheric constitutents. The coupling of a regional-scale circulation with slope and sea-breeze circulations is an important feature which determines the wind regime in São Paulo in a summer situation not influenced by frontal systems.  相似文献   

The Rio Dell Formation: a Plio-Pleistocene basin slope deposit in Northern California     

DAVID J. W. PIPER  WILLIAM R. NORMARK  JAMES C. INGLE  JR 《Sedimentology》1976,23(3):309-328

The Rio Dell Formation (Pleistocene and Pliocene), exposed south of Eureka, California, is a prograded sequence of basinal turbidites overlain by basin slope and shelf deposits. The slope deposits studied in the Centerville Beach section accumulated in a steadily shallowing environment delineated by analysis of palaeobathymetrically significant benthonic foraminiferal biofacies in turn suggesting deposition at depths of 1000–100 m. Lower slope deposits interfinger with basinal turbidites derived from the Eel River delta to the north. Slumped blocks of silty mudstone, and associated silt and mud beds, are common. The middle slope deposits are mudstones; coarser sediments bypassed this zone. Mudstones and muddy siltstones alternate on the upper slope. Shallow depressions, probably slump scars, that have been rapidly filled by upper slope sediment are common. The transition to shelf deposits is marked by an increase in sediment grain size, in the degree of oxidation, and in the abundance of megafossils. High percentages of benthonic foraminifera displaced from shelf depths indicate that resedimentation processes are most important on the upper slope.  相似文献   

TEXTURAL DIFFERENTIATION ON THE SHORE FACE DURING EROSIONAL RETREAT OF AN UNCONSOLIDATED COAST, CAPE HENRY TO CAPE HATTERAS, WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC SHELF     

DONALD J. P. SWIFT  ROBERT B. SANFORD  CHARLES E. DILL JR  NICHOLAS F. AVIGNONE 《Sedimentology》1971,16(3-4):221-250

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Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Studies of Contact Metamorphism of Carbonate Rocks     

SHIEH  Y. N.; TAYLOR  H. P.  JR. 《Journal of Petrology》1969,10(2):307-331

O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹²/C¹³ ratios have been determined for carbonaterocks and coexisting minerals from two contact metamorphic aureolesat Birch Creek, California and Marble Canyon, Texas. The peliticmetasediments and granitic intrusions of the Birth Creek localitywere also analyzed for their O¹⁸/¹⁶ and D/H ratios. Oxygen andcarbon isotope fractionations in coexisting dolomite and calciteare interrelated but show no obvious correlation with sampledistance from the intrusive contact. Small-scale oxygen isotopicexchange effects between rock units are observed within a fewfeet of the intrusive-country rock contacts and the marble-schistcontacts at Birch Creek. Oxygen isotopic temperatures obtainedfrom quartz—biotite fractionations in the biotite schistsof Birch Creek show a systematic decrease with increasing distanceaway from the intrusive contact; the isotopic contact temperatureis calculated to be 535–45°C. Low O¹⁸/¹⁶ and C¹³/¹²ratiosof the contact metamorphic marbles generally correlate wellwith presence of calc-silicate minerals, indicating that theCO₂ liberated during metamorphic decarbonation reactions isenriched in both O¹⁸and C¹² relative to the carbonates. Materialbalance calculations indicate that the liberated CO₂ is about5 per mille richer in O¹⁸ and about 6 per mille richer in C¹³than coexisting calcite.  相似文献   

Climate change, sea level rise and integrated coastal zone management: An IPCC approach     

Pier Vellinga  Richard J.T. Klein 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1993,21(1-3)

Expansion of economic activities, urbanisation, increased resource use and population growth are continuously increasing the vulnerability of the coastal zone. This vulnerability is now further raised by the threat of climate change and accelerated sea level rise. The potentially severe impacts force policy-makers to also consider long-term planning for climate change and sea level rise. For reasons of efficiency and effectiveness this long-term planning should be integrated with existing short-term plans, thus creating an Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme.As a starting point for coastal zone management, the assessment of a country's or region's vulnerability to accelerated sea level rise is of utmost importance. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has developed a common methodology for this purpose. Studies carried out according to this Common Methodology have been compared and combined, from which general conclusions on local, regional and global vulnerability have been drawn, the latter in the form of a Global Vulnerability Assessment.In order to address the challenge of coping with climate change and accelerated sea level rise, it is essential to foresee the possible impacts, and to take precautionary action. Because of the long lead times needed for creating the required technical and institutional infrastructures, such action should be taken in the short term. Furthermore, it should be part of a broader coastal zone management and planning context. This will require a holistic view, shared by the different institutional levels that exist, along which different needs and interests should be balanced.  相似文献   

Size Selective Predation by the Asteroid Pisaster ochraceus on the Bivalve Mytilus calif ornianus: A Cost-Benefit Analysis     

James B.  Mcclintock Truman J.  Robnett JR. 《Marine Ecology》1986,7(4):321-332

Abstract. When simultaneously presented with equal numbers of four sizes of clumped Mytilus californianus (20, 35, 55 and 85 mm shell length), Pisaster ochraceus (arm length of 70-110mm R) showed a preference for the medium sizes (35 and 55mm length). Prey-size preference was positively correlated with predator size. Mean prey-digestion times (insertion of the stomach, opening of the valves and digestive period) decreased significantly following fiiing of an artificial gape between the valves of mussels. When presented with different sizes of clumped filed mussels, starfish still chose medium mussels, indicating that stomach insertion, valve opening, and digestion rate may not be important constraints determining size selective predation. Measurements of the force required to dislodge mussels from the substratum and conspecifics showed an increasing exponential relationship with mussel size. Size selective feeding may be an energy maximizing and time minimizing strategy, where energy gained from choosing larger mussels is balanced against disproportionately increased costs in energy and time of removing large mussels from the substratum.  相似文献