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钾和其他中等挥发性元素亏损是类地行星普遍的全岩化学成分特征之一,能用来示踪不同的亏损过程.球粒陨石是组成行星的前体物质,研究球粒陨石中钾同位素的亏损和分异机制,对于太阳系物质或行星的起源、形成和演化具有十分重要的意义.本文利用近年来发展的高精度钾同位素分析技术,测试了 14 个中国南极陨石以及6 个目击型陨石(Murchison、Allende、Ningqiang、Tagish Lake、Xinyang 和Banma)的全岩钾同位素组成.结果显示,21 个碳质球粒陨石全岩δ41 K值分布范围为－0. 62‰±0. 05‰至0. 37‰±0. 08‰,平均值为－0. 32‰± 0. 24‰(2SD),比全岩硅酸盐地球(BSE)稍重.18 个普通球粒陨石全岩数据(如果异常值 GRV 021603 除外)的δ41 K值分布范围为－1. 02‰±0. 05‰到－0. 61‰±0. 02‰,平均δ41 K值为－0. 81‰±0. 15‰(2SD),比全岩硅酸盐地球稍轻.2 个目击型陨石 Murchison(CM2 型)和 Allende(CV3 型),呈现较大的内部钾同位素差异(分别为0. 22‰和0. 16‰),可能反映了水蚀变导致的钾同位素在100 mg球粒陨石全岩尺度上的不均一性.小行星母体过程(水蚀变、热变质和冲击变质)不能很好地解释球粒陨石的钾同位素分馏,母体作为一个封闭体系只是平衡均一化同一个化学群内的钾同位素成分.不同化学群球粒陨石之间的钾同位素与钾元素之间没有显示明确的相关性,这一趋势与最近国际上发表的数据在误差范围内基本一致,太阳星云的单阶段热过程如蒸发或冷凝均不能很好地解释.核合成异常是一种可能的解释,大质量恒星的星风或者超新星爆发注入可以增加一些41 K到太阳星云中,从而在原始球粒陨石中保存下来,然而这一观点需要更多研究支持. 相似文献
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Existing models of coastal occupation, in one form or another, embrace the assumption that changes in mean sea level were the prime driver for shifts in coastal resource productivity of consequence to coastal foragers. Focusing on the North West Shelf of Australia, this paper considers the role of physical sedimentary processes in understanding both past coastal resource productivity and the archaeology of drowned coastal landscapes. From a review of up‐to‐date literature on sea‐level related coastal formation process related to the North West Shelf, we describe the complex interplay of sea‐level change and sedimentary processes in determining (i) coastal resource availability, and (ii) archaeological site preservation potential through time. We argue that human behavioral models that have been linked solely to changes in sea level change from ca. 45 ka onward along the Australia continental shelf have inadequately accounted for local sedimentary regimes. It is not past sea‐level per se, which is of relevance to coastal productivity and human behavioral ecology models but changes in tidal regimes, coastal configurations and sedimentation. We conclude that our understanding of maritime adaptations for Sahul (Greater Australia) remain incomplete without investigating former coastlines and archaeological information that now lies submerged offshore. 相似文献
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Epilogue: Towards a future for political ecology that works 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Piers Blaikie 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):765-772
Political Ecology (PE) has been retrospectively created from a history of wide ranging work of different disciplines, cultural settings and epistemological foundations. Its conceptualization was and remains expansive, eclectic and inclusive which has brought both innovative thinking and charges of incoherence. A review of these paradoxical views on the quality of knowledge and its effectiveness in promoting justice and other aspects of political progress concludes that PE can fulfil these criteria in spite of challenges involved in understanding an exceptionally wide range of different disciplines in the natural and social sciences, technical detail and cultural settings. Also, the production of PE both shapes and is shaped by the structures of the academy and daily practice of teaching and research in a reflexive way. There are particular rewards and penalties in academic production which make it difficult to undertake long term PE research, to write overall integrative PE work other than edited and multi-author works, and to engage with wider audiences outside the academy. There is also an enduring stand-off between PE and policy matters. The growth of PE courses in anglophone universities is encouraging more comparison, coherence and communication between political ecologists and promises increasing stabilization and legitimacy of the field. 相似文献
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Human impact on Holocene sediment dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean – the example of the Roman harbour of Ephesus 
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下载免费PDF全文 Friederike Stock Maria Knipping Anna Pint Sabine Ladstätter Hugo Delile Andreas G. Heiss Hannes Laermanns Piers D. Mitchell René Ployer Martin Steskal Ursula Thanheiser Ralf Urz Volker Wennrich Helmut Brückner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(7):980-996
During the past millennia, many erosion and accumulation processes have been modified by anthropogenic impact. This holds especially true for the environs of ancient settlements and their harbours along the Mediterranean coasts. Our multi‐proxy investigations in the Roman harbour and the harbour canal of Ephesus (western Turkey) reveals that humans have significantly triggered soil erosion during the last three millennia. Since the eighth century bc , and especially since the Hellenistic period, a high sedimentation rate indicates fast alluviation and delta progradation of the Küçük Menderes. Deforestation, agriculture (especially ploughing) and grazing (especially goats) were the main reasons for erosion of the river catchment area. One consequence was significant siltation of the Hellenistic/Roman harbour basin. This sediment trap archives the human impact, which was strongly enhanced from Hellenistic/Roman to Byzantine times (second/first centuries bc to the sixth/seventh centuries ad ), evidenced by high sedimentation rates, raised values of heavy metal contaminations [lead (Pb), copper (Cu)], the occurrence of fruit tree pollen and of intestinal parasites. From the middle to the end of the first millennium ad , the influence of Ephesus declined, which resulted in a decrease of human impact. Studies of several ancient settlements around the Mediterranean Sea tell a comparable story. They also confirm that during their most flourishing periods the human impact totally overprinted the climatic one. To detect the latter, geo‐bio‐archives of relatively pristine areas have to be investigated in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Timothy Andrews Jonathan M. Gregory Piers M. Forster Mark J. Webb 《Surveys in Geophysics》2012,33(3-4):619-635
Understanding the role of clouds in climate change remains a considerable challenge. Traditionally, this challenge has been framed in terms of understanding cloud feedback. However, recent work suggests that under increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, clouds not only amplify or dampen climate change through global feedback processes, but also through rapid (days to weeks) tropospheric temperature and land surface adjustments. In this article, we use the Met Office Hadley Centre climate model HadGSM1 to review these recent developments and assess their impact on radiative forcing and equilibrium climate sensitivity. We estimate that cloud adjustment contributes ~0.8?K to the 4.4?K equilibrium climate sensitivity of this particular model. We discuss the methods used to evaluate cloud adjustments, highlight the mechanisms and processes involved and identify low level cloudiness as a key cloud type. Looking forward, we discuss the outstanding issues, such as the application to transient forcing scenarios. We suggest that the upcoming CMIP5 multi-model database will allow a comprehensive assessment of the significance of cloud adjustments in fully coupled atmosphere–ocean-general-circulation models for the first time, and that future research should exploit this opportunity to understand cloud adjustments/feedbacks in non-idealised transient climate change scenarios. 相似文献
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Rachael K. Macdonald Peter V. Ridd James C. Whinney Piers Larcombe David T. Neil 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013
Water turbidity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) are commonly used as part of marine monitoring and water quality plans. Current management plans utilise threshold SSC values derived from mean-annual turbidity concentrations. Little published work documents typical ranges of turbidity for reefs within open coastal waters. Here, time-series turbidity measurements from 61 sites in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Moreton Bay, Australia, are presented as turbidity exceedance curves and derivatives. This contributes to the understanding of turbidity and SSC in the context of environmental management in open-coastal reef environments. Exceedance results indicate strong spatial and temporal variability in water turbidity across inter/intraregional scales. The highest turbidity across 61 sites, at 50% exceedance (T50) is 15.3 NTU and at 90% exceedance (T90) 4.1 NTU. Mean/median turbidity comparisons show strong differences between the two, consistent with a strongly skewed turbidity regime. Results may contribute towards promoting refinement of water quality management protocols. 相似文献