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基于MODIS遥感影像和表观热惯量法,以新疆为研究区,建立了适用于干旱半干旱区1 m土体的土壤含水量反演模型。模型根据高表观热惯量,高土壤含水量,低表观热惯量,低土壤含水量这一理论,通过日地表温差和宽波段反照率确定土壤含水量的时空变化。假设通过1 m土体的土壤水通量正比于上下底层土壤含水量的差值,利用水平衡方程建立土壤表面和底层土壤含水量关系方程,并利用中国土壤类型特点确定优化模型。通过验证结果表明,壤土和壤质粘土这两类土壤含水量接近真实值,砂土在区域验证中,模拟与实测差值为2.16%,整个模型模拟精度较好,能够准确地从时空上反演干旱半干旱地区1 m土体的土壤水分情况。 相似文献
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Atmospheric aerosols influence the earth's radiative balance directly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly through affecting cloud properties. An understanding of aerosol optical properties is fundamental to studies of aerosol effects on climate. Although many such studies have been undertaken, large uncertainties in describing aerosol optical characteristics remain, especially regarding the absorption properties of different aerosols. Aerosol radiative effects are considered as either positive or negative perturbations to the radiation balance, and they include direct, indirect (albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect), and semi-direct effects. The total direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols is negative (cooling), although some components may contribute a positive effect (warming). Both the albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect cool the atmosphere by increasing cloud optical depth and cloud cover, respectively. Absorbing aerosols, such as carbonaceous aerosols and dust, exert a positive forcing at the top of atmosphere and a negative forcing at the surface, and they can directly warm the atmosphere. Internally mixed black carbon aerosols produce a stronger warming effect than externally mixed black carbon particles do. The semi-direct effect of absorbing aerosols could amplify this warming effect. Based on observational (ground-and satellite-based) and simulation studies, this paper reviews current progress in research regarding the optical properties and radiative effects of aerosols and also discusses several important issues to be addressed in future studies. 相似文献
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尾亚韧性剪切带形成于石炭纪晚期.根据其宏观变形构造、显微变形构造等变形特征,说明其经历了早期的推覆剪切和后期的右行推覆剪切两个主要演化阶段.对该区的构造演化及指导找矿增添了一点新的内容. 相似文献
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化探普查在西天山伊什基里克山东部发现一巨大金地球化学块体,对Au异常查证和评价发现了博故图金矿。金矿产于下石炭统大哈拉军山组地层中,赋矿岩石为流纹质火山碎屑岩、次火山岩和辉绿岩,金矿化与硅化、黄铁矿化关系密切。金矿体主要受区域大断裂及其次级断裂构造控制,与围岩无专属性,成因类型为浅成低温热液型。为查明金矿特征和成矿规律、扩大资源量,开展了地质、物化探综合方法找矿,在Ⅰ号矿区及东部邻区,激电测量和高精度磁测量发现多处异常,钻探验证发现了多条隐伏工业矿体,金资源量达大型。勘查结果表明博故图金矿区有很好找矿远景,找矿潜力巨大。 相似文献
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针对空间大地测量技术对中性大气折射延迟改正精度的要求,阐述了折射延迟改正值应随测站和随方位而异的必要性．指出,在尚不能直接测定天文大气折射值的情况下,现有的各种改正模型对大气分布模型的依赖性,不能达到预期的精度和降低观测的截止角．根据云南天文台低纬子午环的特殊结构,和测定大气折射的实践,提出了提高折射延迟改正精度的新方法,即：利用各观测站不同方位从天顶附近直到低地平高度角的天文大气折射实测数据,求解得到折射率差和映射函数的参数,从而建立随测站和随方位而异的大气折射延迟改正模型．这一新方法的实施,将能在不需采用大气分布模型的情况下,把天顶延迟的改正精度提高到1 mm以内,低地平高度角的折射延迟改正精度提高到厘米级,并且把截止高度角压缩到5°以内． 相似文献
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A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0 
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下载免费PDF全文 There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms. 相似文献
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1 微软的TTS语音引擎概述 Microsoft Speech SDK提供了一套关于语音处理的应用程序编程接口SAPI(Speech Application Pro-gramming Interface).SAPI实现了文字到语音的转换和语音识别的方法.语言引擎通过DDI层(设备驱动接口)和SAPI进行交互,应用程序通过API层与SAPI进行通信.通过使用这些API,用户可以快速开发在语音识别和语音合成上面的应用程序.其结构功能见图1.SAPI最基本的语音引擎就是TTS(Text To Speech),也就是文本到语音的转换,TTS通过语音合成来实现文本字符串或文本文件的朗读. 相似文献
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