Use of sequential extraction procedure for assessing the environmental impact at regional scale of the São Domingos Mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt)     

Rafael Prez-Lpez  Antonio M. lvarez-Valero  Jos Miguel Nieto  Reinaldo Sez  Joo X. Matos 《Applied Geochemistry》2008,23(12):3452-3463

São Domingos is one of the most emblematic Portuguese mining districts in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). The beginning of mining exploitation in the area has been dated back to pre-Roman times, remaining in activity until 1966 when it was definitely halted. The intense mining labours are reflected in the presence of a huge amount of sulphide-mining wastes and downstream production of acid mine drainage (AMD). The mining wastes in the area are highly heterogeneous, and numerous different types may be recognized, including slags, iron oxides, smelting ashes, brittle and blocks of pyrite, leaching tank refuses, industrial landfill and other residues coming from ore extraction (gossan wastes and country rocks). The chemical speciation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, S, Sb and Zn) in all mine wastes from São Domingos was determined by modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure (European Community Bureau of Reference) and combined with the mass/volume proportions of each waste to quantify the potential risk of this mining district at regional scale. Analytical recoveries by sequential extraction, with respect to a pseudo-total metal content digestion, were generally acceptable (100 ± 17%). The oxidizable fraction corresponds with metals bound to sulphides and released easily under oxidizing conditions in AMD production processes. This is the most polluting fraction for the environment in this type of residues. Part of this fraction is retained by precipitation of soluble secondary minerals in warm periods, moving to the bio-available fraction that is dissolved in rainy periods. Just considering the bio-available fraction, all mine wastes from São Domingos may leach up to 172514 ton of Fe, 10564 ton of S, 6644 ton of Pb, 2610 ton of Zn, 1126 ton of Mn, 1032 ton of Cu, 183 ton of Cr, 109 ton of As, 34 ton of Sb and 0.9 ton of Cd. The process of precipitation and re-dissolution of efflorescent salts formed directly by oxidation of the oxidizable fraction is seasonally repeated, which causes an annual self-feeding and releasing of the bio-available fraction. Thus, the present study shows the pollutant potential of this IPB mining district and explains the spoiled state of the fluvial courses in the region.  相似文献   

The international year of soils revisited: promoting sustainable soil management beyond 2015     

Ronald Vargas Rojas  Lucrezia Caon 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(16):1184

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An Overview of Saturn's Equatorial Storms: 1990 - 1997     

A. Sánchez-Lavega  J. R. Acarreta  R. Hueso  J. F. Rojas  J. Lecacheux  F. Colas  J. M. Gómez 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,263(1-4):351-354

We present an overview of the studies we have performed of the unusual storm activity that is occurring in the Equatorial Zone (EZ) of Saturn since 1990 based on a long-term CCD imaging (261-953 nm). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Synchronous deposition of massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: New data from Las Herrerías and La Torerera ore-bodies     

Reinaldo Sez  Carmen Moreno  Felipe Gonzlez 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(12):829-839

Two small to medium sized massive sulphide deposits, Las Herrerías and La Torerera, located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) are examined from a geological and palynostratigraphic perspective. The palynological assemblages are assignable to the Retispora lepidophyta–Verrucosisporites nitidus (LN) miospore Biozone (Latest Devonian: Latest Famennian/Strunian) of Western Europe. This age permits correlation with some of the main massive sulphide deposits dated so far in the region (viz., Tharsis, Aznalcóllar, Sotiel-Coronada or Neves-Corvo), and validates once again the hypothesis that a single mineralizing event was responsible for the genesis of most of the IPB’s massive sulphide deposits. The present study confirms that palynostratigraphy is an invaluable high-resolution biostratigraphic tool in the IPB, applicable to dating, correlation and ore-exploration.  相似文献   

Impact of tropospheric modelling on GNSS vertical precision: an empirical analysis based on a local active network     

Mª Selmira Garrido  Mª Clara de Lacy  Ana Mª Rojas 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2018,11(9):880-896

The troposphere affects Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals due to the variability of the refractive index. Tropospheric delay is a function of the satellite elevation angle and the altitude of the GNSS receiver and depends on the atmospheric parameters. If the residual tropospheric delay is not modelled carefully a bias error will occur in the vertical component. In order to analyse the precise altimetric positioning based on a local active network, four scenarios in Southern Spain with different topographical, environmental, and meteorological conditions are presented, considering both favourable and non-favourable conditions. The use of surface meteorological observations allows us to take into account the tropospheric conditions instead of a standard atmosphere, but introduces a residual tropospheric bias which reduces the accuracy of precise GNSS positioning. Thus, with short observation times it is recommended not to estimate troposphere parameters, but to use an a priori model together with the standard atmosphere. The results confirm that it is possible to achieve centimetre-scale vertical accuracy and precision with real time kinematic positioning even with large elevation differences with respect to the nearest reference stations. These numerical results may be taken into consideration for improving the altimetric configuration of the local active network.  相似文献   

Fish bile as a biomarker for metal exposure     

Hauser-Davis RA  Bastos FF  de Oliveira TF  Ziolli RL  de Campos RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(8):1589-1595

Fish accumulate several trace elements in muscle, gills and liver, however studies also indicate that metals can be excreted through bile. Since metal contamination leads to modifications in bile composition, biliary excretion offers an alternative way to evaluate the presence of trace-elements. Bile is easier to obtain than other organs and presents a simpler matrix, making it easier for chemical pre-treatment. To verify if bile can be useful as a biomonitoring tool for metal contamination, liver and bile trace element concentrations were determined and correlated. The Artificial Neural Networks statistical technique was used to verify if liver trace-element quantification could be substituted by bile analysis. Results show that significant correlations were obtained between trace elements in bile and liver and the ANN validated the hypothesis that certain trace-elements in bile could be utilized instead of liver trace-elements. Further studies in this field are of interest to further validate this biomarker.  相似文献   

A fully coupled simple model for unsaturated soils     

Eduardo Rojas  Jaime Horta  María L. Pérez-Rea  Christian E. Hernández 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(6):1143-1161

Different phenomena influence the strength and volumetric behavior of unsaturated soils. Among the most important are suction hardening, hydraulic hysteresis, and the influence of volumetric strain on the soil-water retention curves. Fully coupled hydro-mechanical models require including all three phenomena in their constitutive relationships. Among these phenomena, suction hardening is the most influencing as it determines the apparent preconsolidation stress, the position of the loading-collapse yield surface, and the shift of both the isotropic consolidation and the critical state lines. In this paper, a fully coupled hydro mechanical model is presented. It is based on the modified Cam-Clay model but includes a yield surface with anisotropic hardening that takes account of the shift of the critical state line with suction. For highly overconsolidated materials, the sub-loading surface concept has been included in order to increase the precision of the model for these materials. The shift of the retention curves produced by volumetric strains is simulated using a hydraulic model based on the grain and current pore size distribution of the soil.  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene-early Holocene paraglacial and fluvial sediment history in the Turbio valley, semiarid Chilean Andes     

Rodrigo Riquelme  Constanza Rojas  Pablo Flores 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(1):166-175

The transitional character of climatic conditions confers great relevance to paleoclimate studies in the semiarid region where glacial and Holocene geomorphologic records are scarce. Here we present the paraglacial and fluvial evolution of the Turbio valley (30°S) using both field observations and ¹⁴C AMS chronology. Two key sites at the uppermost Turbio valley show glacial margins which likely formed during the 17-12 ka Central Andean Pluvial Event and earlier 37-27 ka episodes associated with glacial advances reported elsewhere in the semiarid Andes. Likewise, two episodes of subsequent paraglacial response are identified: a first episode corresponds to early Holocene fine-grained deposits (~ 11,500-7800 cal yr BP) extending far downstream (> 40 km) from the glacial margins. These deposits and coeval debris cones (~ 11,000-5500 cal yr BP) are the result of arid conditions with occasional runoffs that were unable to export sediments along the trunk valley. The second episode corresponds to disconformably overlying fluvial gravels extending ~ 70 km downstream from the glacial margin, indicative of an increase in the fluvial transport capacity occurring not long after 5500 cal yr BP. Fluvial transport increase resulted from a late Holocene shift to wetter climate conditions, representing a forcing factor which enhanced the paraglacial response.  相似文献   

Features of deep crustal structure and the onshore-offshore transition at the Iberian flank of the Valencia Trough (Western Mediterranean)     

J Gallart  H Rojas  J Diaz  J.J Daobeitia 《Journal of Geodynamics》1990,12(2-4)

First results are presented of a recent onshore seismic survey complementary to the Valsis-2 Cruise, which consisted of ESP, COP and CDP marine seismic profiles across the Valencia Trough (Western Mediterranean).The marine energy source used was an airgun array of 5800 cubic inch recorded at 2 land stations on the western flank of the Valencia Trough, at distances between 10–120 km.The experiment has resulted in an extended sampling of the deep crustal structure of the eastern Mediterranean flank of the Iberian peninsula, as well as the offshore-onshore transition.Three transverse NW-SE profiles have been interpreted. Local thinning of the sedimentary cover has been determined towards the centre of the basin which, together with the shallow high velocities observed on the southern profile, could be related to volcanic episodes.A seismic continental basement has been found at depths between 3 and 5 km. A thin lower crust (3–5 km) with velocities around 6.8 km/s has been identified in the northern part of the basin. Alternative crustal models considered for the 3 profiles have been tested, not only from arrival times but also from relative amplitude distributions. A first-order Moho discontinuity fits the data best. The welldefined Moho boundary results in energetic P_MP reflections, and a clear updoming is observed towards the interior of the basin, from depths about 20–21 km inshore of Barcelona to 15–17 km depths 60 km offshore. An anomalous upper mantle with low P_n velocities of about 7.7 km/s is confirmed in most of the sampled areas.  相似文献   

Projected hydroclimate changes over Andean basins in central Chile from downscaled CMIP5 models under the low and high emission scenarios     

Deniz Bozkurt  Maisa Rojas  Juan Pablo Boisier  Jonás Valdivieso 《Climatic change》2018,150(3-4):131-147

This study examines the projections of hydroclimatic regimes and extremes over Andean basins in central Chile (～ 30–40° S) under a low and high emission scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively). A gridded daily precipitation and temperature dataset based on observations is used to drive and validate the VIC macro-scale hydrological model in the region of interest. Historical and future simulations from 19 climate models participating in CMIP5 have been adjusted with the observational dataset and then used to make hydrological projections. By the end of the century, there is a large difference between the scenarios, with projected warming of ～ + 1.2 °C (RCP2.6), ～ +?3.5 °C (RCP8.5) and drying of ～ ? 3% (RCP2.6), ～ ? 30% (RCP8.5). Following the strong drying and warming projected in this region under the RCP8.5 scenario, the VIC model simulates decreases in annual runoff of about 40% by the end of the century. Such strong regional effect of climate change may have large implications for the water resources of this region. Even under the low emission scenario, the Andes snowpack is projected to decrease by 35–45% by mid-century. In more snowmelt-dominated areas, the projected hydrological changes under RCP8.5 go together with more loss in the snowpack (75–85%) and a temporal shift in the center timing of runoff to earlier dates (up to 5 weeks by the end of the century). The severity and frequency of extreme hydroclimatic events are also projected to increase in the future. The occurrence of extended droughts, such as the recently experienced mega-drought (2010–2015), increases from one to up to five events per 100 years under RCP8.5. Concurrently, probability density function of 3-day peak runoff indicates an increase in the frequency of flood events. The estimated return periods of 3-day peak runoff events depict more drastic changes and increase in the flood risk as higher recurrence intervals are considered by mid-century under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, and by the end of the century under RCP8.5.  相似文献