Southern East Siberia Pliocene–Quaternary faults: Database, analysis and inference     

Oksana V. Lunina  ;Riccardo Caputo  ;Anton A. Gladkov  ;Andrey S. Gladkovt 《地学前缘(英文版)》2014,5(4):605-619

This paper presents the first release of an Informational System（IS）devoted to the systematic collection of all available data relating to Pliocene-Quaternary faults in southern East Siberia,their critical analysis and their seismotectonic parameterization.The final goal of this project is to form a new base for improving the assessment of seismic hazard and other natural processes associated with crustal deformation.The presented IS has been exploited to create a relational database of active and conditionally active faults in southern East Siberia（between 100°-114° E and 50°-57° N）whose central sector is characterized by the highly seismic Baikal rift zone.The information within the database for each fault segment is organized as distinct but intercorrelated sections（tables,texts and pictures,etc.）and can be easily visualized as HTML pages in offline browsing.The preliminary version of the database distributed free on disk already highlights the general fault pattern showing that the Holocene and historical activity is quite uniform and dominated by NE-SW and nearly E-W trending faults;the former with a prevailing dip-slip normal kinematics,while the latter structures are left-lateral strike-slip and oblique-slip（with different proportion of left-lateral and normal fault slip components）.These faults are mainly concentrated along the borders of the rift basins and are the main sources of moderate-to-strong（M≥5.5）earthquakes on the southern sectors of East Siberia in recent times.As a whole,based on analyzing the diverse fault kinematics and their variable spatial distribution with respect to the overall pattern of the tectonic structures formed and/or activated during the late Pliocene-Quaternary,we conclude they were generated under a regional stress field mainly characterized by a relatively uniform NW-SE tension,but strongly influenced by the irregular hard boundary of the old Siberian craton.The obtained inferences are in an agreement with the existing models of the development of  相似文献   

Soil discrimination using diffuse reflectance Vis–NIR spectroscopy in a local toposequence     

José Francirlei Oliveira  Michel Brossard  Pedro Rodolfo Siqueira Vendrame  Stanislas Mayi III  Edemar Joaquim Corazza  Robélio Leandro Marchão  Maria de Fátima Guimarães 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(11-12):446-453

Vis–NIR spectroscopy is nowadays presented as a possible routine method for soil sample analysis. However, there is still no consensus on which is the best multivariate statistical method to use. We propose to use principal component analysis to complete the spectral data treatment. The soil samples came from a pedological cover made up of red–yellow Latosols: 88 samples of 11 soil profiles on four toposequences were collected; clay, organic matter, silica, iron, aluminum and titanium total contents were determined; the contents of goethite, hematite, gibbsite, and kaolinite were calculated. Diffuse reflectance Vis–NIR spectroscopy at wavelengths from 400 to 2400 nm combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was sufficiently sensitive to discriminate different Latosols. Wavelengths of 700 nm and 2200 to 2300 nm were influenced by content ratios of organic matter and iron oxides (700 nm), and kaolinite and gibbsite absorption (2200 and 2300 nm). The spectral responses were affected not only by the content of these constituents, but also by the composition of the minerals, so that the same class of Latosol may have different or similar spectral responses. The role of microaggregation is discussed.  相似文献   

Crystal recycling in the steady-state system of the active Stromboli volcano: a 2.5-ka story inferred from in situ Sr-isotope and trace element data     

Lorella Francalanci  Riccardo Avanzinelli  Isabella Nardini  Massimo Tiepolo  Jon P. Davidson  Riccardo Vannucci 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,163(1):109-131

In situ Sr-isotope data by microdrilling, coupled with major and trace element analyses, have been performed on plagioclase and clinopyroxene from seven samples collected during the 2002–2003 eruptive crisis at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). On 28 December 2002, the persistent moderate explosive activity was broken by an effusive event lasting about 7 months. A more violent explosion (paroxysm) occurred on 5 April 2003. Two magma types were erupted, namely a volatile-poor and highly porphyritic magma (HP-magma) poured out as scoria or lava and a volatile-rich, phenocryst-poor magma (LP-magma) found as pumice. LP-magma differs from the HP-magma also for its slightly less-evolved chemistry, the groundmass composition and the lower Sr-isotope ratios. Micro-Sr-isotope data show the presence of zoned minerals in strong isotope disequilibrium, as previously found in products erupted in 1984, 1985 and 1996 AD, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values generally decreasing from cores to rims of minerals. Only some outer rims testify for equilibrium with the host groundmass. The internal mineral zones with high Sr-isotope ratios (0.70665–0.70618) are interpreted as ‘antecrysts’, crystallised during the previous activity and recycled in the present-day system since the opening shoshonitic activity of the Recent Period, which occurred at about 2.5 ka ago. This result has implications for the dynamics of the present-day plumbing system of Stromboli at intermediate pressure (about 2–3 km depth) and allows us to propose a model whereby an HP-magma reservoir is directly interconnected at the bottom with a cumulate crystal much reservoir. Efficient mixing between residing HP- and input LP-magmas can occur in this reservoir, due to more similar rheological characteristics of the two magmas than in the conduit, where crystallisation is enhanced by degassing. Antecrysts (and possibly melts) re-enter in the HP-magma reservoir both from the bottom, recycled by ascending LP-magmas crossing the crystal mush, and from the top, recycled by descending degassed and dense HP-magma, residual of the periodic Strombolian explosions at the surface. The isotope variation measured in the groundmasses allows calculating the proportion of the LP-magma entering the shallow HP-magma reservoir at ~20%. From this proportion, we estimate that the total volume of LP-magma input during 2002–2003 closely matches the magma volume erupted in the effusive event, suggesting a steady-state system at broadly constant volume. The comparison with estimates of the LP-magma volume ejected by the paroxysm indicates that the LP-magma amount directly reaching the surface during the 5 April paroxysm is minimal with respect to that entering the system.  相似文献   

Trace element and Pb–B–Li isotope systematics of olivine-hosted melt inclusions: insights into source metasomatism beneath Stromboli (southern Italy)     

Federica?SchiaviEmail author  Katsura?Kobayashi  Eizo?Nakamura  Massimo?Tiepolo  Riccardo?Vannucci 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,163(6):1011-1031

We studied the elemental and isotopic (Pb, B and Li isotopes) composition of melt inclusions hosted in highly forsteritic (Fo_83–91) olivines that were collected from San Bartolo lava and pumice (ST79p, ST82p and ST531p) samples erupted by Stromboli in historical times. The studied melt inclusions have primitive calcalkaline to shoshonitic basaltic compositions. They cover a compositional range far wider than that exhibited by the whole-rocks and differ in key trace element ratios. San Bartolo melt inclusions are characterized by lower incompatible trace element abundances, higher ratios between fluid-mobile (B, Pb, U and LILE) and less fluid-mobile (REE, Th, HFSE) elements and lower La/Yb ratios relative to the pumice-hosted melt inclusions and pumiceous melts erupted during paroxysmal events. Trace elements, along with different Pb, B and Li isotopic signatures, attest to source heterogeneity on the small scale and provide new insights into subducted components beneath Stromboli. Results of a mixing model suggest that metasomatism of the mantle source of pumice-hosted melt inclusions was driven by solute-rich high-pressure fluids (<20%) expelled from the deep portion of the slab. Heterogeneous Pb isotopic composition together with light δ¹¹B (−8.6 to −13.7‰) and δ⁷Li (+2.3 to −1.7‰) indicates that high-pressure liquids were released in variable proportions from highly dehydrated metabasalts and metasediments. On the other hand, the elemental and isotopic (δ¹¹B ~ −1.9 to −5.9‰) composition of San Bartolo melt inclusions is better explained by the addition of a prevalent aqueous component (~2 to 4%) escaped at shallower depths from sediments and altered basaltic crust in almost equivalent proportions, with a smaller contribution by high-pressure fluids. Owing to the high-angle dip of the subducted cold Ionian slab, aqueous fluids and high-pressure fluids would rise through the mantle wedge and locally superimpose on each other, thus giving origin to variously metasomatized mantle domains.  相似文献   

The Aspen–Amsterdam void finder comparison project     

Jörg M. Colberg  Frazer Pearce  Caroline Foster  Erwin Platen  Riccardo Brunino  Mark Neyrinck  Spyros Basilakos  Anthony Fairall  Hume Feldman  Stefan Gottlöber  Oliver Hahn  Fiona Hoyle  Volker Müller  Lorne Nelson  Manolis Plionis  Cristiano Porciani  Sergei Shandarin  Michael S. Vogeley  Rien van de Weygaert 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(2):933-944

Despite a history that dates back at least a quarter of a century, studies of voids in the large-scale structure of the Universe are bedevilled by a major problem: there exist a large number of quite different void-finding algorithms, a fact that has so far got in the way of groups comparing their results without worrying about whether such a comparison in fact makes sense. Because of the recent increased interest in voids, both in very large galaxy surveys and in detailed simulations of cosmic structure formation, this situation is very unfortunate. We here present the first systematic comparison study of 13 different void finders constructed using particles, haloes, and semi-analytical model galaxies extracted from a subvolume of the Millennium simulation. This study includes many groups that have studied voids over the past decade. We show their results and discuss their differences and agreements. As it turns out, the basic results of the various methods agree very well with each other in that they all locate a major void near the centre of our volume. Voids have very underdense centres, reaching below 10 per cent of the mean cosmic density. In addition, those void finders that allow for void galaxies show that those galaxies follow similar trends. For example, the overdensity of void galaxies brighter than   m _B =−20  is found to be smaller than about −0.8 by all our void finding algorithms.  相似文献   

Contourites in the Gulf of Cadiz: a cautionary note on potentially ambiguous indicators of bottom current velocity   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Thierry Mulder  Rim Hassan  Emmanuelle Ducassou  Sébastien Zaragosi  Eliane Gonthier  Vincent Hanquiez  Elodie Marchès  Samuel Toucanne 《Geo-Marine Letters》2013,33(5):357-367

Facies associations in cores collected in the deep part of the Gulf of Cadiz, which is under the influence of the lower branch of the Mediterranean Outflow Water, are investigated in terms of the classical contourite model using grain-size analyses and thin sections of indurated sediment. Cores include both low-energy (contourite drift) and high-energy (channel) environments. The thin sections and grain-size distributions show that clayey fine silts and sandy coarse silts are the most common facies associations in the studied contourite sequences, while coarse-grained, gravelly contourites are less common. Grain-size distributions are unimodal in the fine-grained and bi- or trimodal in the coarser-grained contourites. This change in grain-size composition is related both to the partial removal of the fine-grained fraction and to the replenishment of the coarser-grained one. In addition, most of the contacts between individual facies are sharp rather than transitional. This suggests that the contourite sequence is only in part related to changes in bottom current velocity and flow competency, but may also be related to the supply of a coarser terrigeneous particle stock, provided by either increased erosion of indurated mud along the flanks of confined contourite channels (mud clasts), or by increased sediment supply by rivers (quartz grains) and downslope mass transport on the continental shelf and upper slope. The classical contourite facies association may therefore not be solely controlled by current velocity, but may be the product of a variety of depositional histories. The classical contourite depositional sequence should therefore be interpreted with greater care and in the light of the regional sedimentological background. In addition, the wisdom of exclusively using mean or modal particle size for the interpretation of depositional contourite processes is questioned. Instead, it is proposed that the vertical evolution of grain-size populations in the facies successions forming contourite sequences be assessed.  相似文献   

Annual and spatial variations of chemical and physical properties in the Ross Sea surface waters (Antarctica)     

Serena Massolo  Roberta Messa  Paola Rivaro  Riccardo Leardi 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Temperature, salinity, meltwater percentage, water column stability, dissolved oxygen and nutrients were measured in seawater samples collected at three fixed depths (0, 20, 100 m) in 104 stations located in three different areas of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), during four Italian Antarctic surveys carried out between 1998 and 2006. Nutrient data were used to quantify the nutrient removal, which appears particularly high in 2006, especially in polynya area. The N:P and Si:N disappearance ratios were studied to estimate the dominant phytoplanktonic community. No significant differences in the nutrient drawdown ratio were observed, in fact the N:P ratio was always below the Redfield standard ratio.  相似文献   

Petrology,geochemistry and U–Pb zircon geochronology of lower crust pyroxenites from northern Apennine (Italy): insights into the post-collisional Variscan evolution     

Maria?Rosaria?RennaEmail author  Riccardo?Tribuzio 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(6):813-835

Spinel pyroxenites occur locally as clasts in polygenic breccias from the Late Cretaceous sedimentary mélanges of the Northern Apennine (Italy). They are of cumulus origin and formed in the deep crust by early precipitation of clinopyroxene and minor olivine and late crystallisation of orthopyroxene, spinel, Ti-pargasite and sulphides. Pyroxenites underwent high-temperature (~850°C) subsolidus re-equilibration and ductile deformation with development of mylonitic bands made of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, Ti-pargasite and spinel. U–Pb geochronology on zircons revealed the occurrence of inherited grains of Early Proterozoic to Late Devonian age. The inherited zircons are locally rimmed by recrystallised zircon domains. The oldest rims yield a mean concordia U–Pb age at 306 ± 8 Ma, which is considered to date the emplacement of the pyroxenites, in the framework of the post-Variscan lithospheric extension. The incompatible element compositions of calculated melts in equilibrium with clinopyroxenes from the pyroxenites are characterised by Ba, Nb, LREE and Sr enrichment relative to N-MORB. The depleted Nd isotopic signature of the pyroxenites (initial ε_Nd values of +5.3 to +6.1) may be thus linked to primary magmas produced by low degrees of melting of asthenospheric mantle. In addition, the pyroxenites locally record the infiltration of plagioclase-saturated hydrous melts, most likely evolved through fractional crystallisation and enriched in highly incompatible elements, within the clinopyroxene-dominated crystal mush. A thermal event in Late Permian–Middle Triassic caused the partial resetting of zircon U–Pb system.  相似文献   

The Finero phlogopite-peridotite massif: an example of subduction-related metasomatism   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Alberto Zanetti  Maurizio Mazzucchelli  Giorgio Rivalenti  Riccardo Vannucci 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,134(2-3):107-122

The Finero peridotite massif is a harzburgite that suffered a dramatic metasomatic enrichment resulting in the pervasive presence of amphibole and phlogopite and in the sporadic occurrence of apatite and carbonate (dolomite)-bearing domains. Pyroxenite (websterite) dykes also contain phlogopite and amphibole, but are rare. Peridotite bulk-rock composition retained highly depleted major element characteristics, but was enriched in K, Rb, Ba, Sr, LREE (light rare earth elements) (La_N/Yb_N = 8–17) and depleted in Nb. It has high radiogenic Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₂₇₀₎ = 0.7055–0.7093), low radiogenic Nd (ɛNd₍₂₇₀₎= −1 to −3) and EMII-like Pb isotopes. Two pyroxenite – peridotite sections examined in detail show the virtual absence of major and trace element gradients in the mineral phases. In both rock types, pyroxenes and olivines have the most unfertile major element composition observed in Ivrea peridotites, spinels are the richest in Cr, and amphibole is pargasite. Clinopyroxenes exhibit LREE-enriched patterns (La_N/Yb_N ∼16), negative Ti and Zr and generally positive Sr anomaly. Amphibole has similar characteristics, except a weak negative Sr anomaly, but incompatible element concentration ∼1.9 (Sr) to ∼7.9 (Ti) times higher than that of coexisting clinopyroxene. Marked geochemical gradients occur toward apatite and carbonate-bearing domains which are randomly distributed in both the sections examined. In these regions, pyroxenes and amphibole (edenite) are lower in mg## and higher in Na₂O, and spinels and phlogopite are richer in Cr₂O₃. Both the mineral assemblage and the incompatible trace element characteristics of the mineral phases recall the typical signatures of “carbonatite” metasomatism (HFSE depletion, Sr, LILE and LREE enrichment). Clinopyroxene has higher REE and Sr concentrations than amphibole (^amph/cpxD_REE,Sr = 0.7–0.9) and lower Ti and Zr concentrations. It is proposed that the petrographic and geochemical features observed at Finero are consistent with a subduction environment. The lack of chemical gradients between pyroxenite and peridotite is explained by a model where melts derived from an eclogite-facies slab infiltrate the overhanging harzburgitic mantle wedge and, because of the special thermal structure of subduction zones, become heated to the temperature of the peridotite. If the resulting temperature is above that of the incipient melting of the hydrous peridotite system, the slab-derived melt equilibrates with the harzburgite and a crystal mush consisting of harzburgite and a silica saturated, hydrous melt is formed. During cooling, the crystal mush crystallizes producing the observed sequence of mineral phases and their observed chemical characteristics. In this context pyroxenites are regions of higher concentration of the melt in equilibrium with the harzburgite and not passage-ways through which exotic melts percolated. Only negligible chemical gradients can appear as an effect of the crystallization process, which also accounts for the high amphibole/clinopyroxene incompatible trace element ratios. The major element refractory composition is explained by an initially high peridotite/melt ratio. The apatite, carbonate-bearing domains are the result of the presence of some CO₂ in the slab-derived melt. The CO₂/H₂O ratio in the peridotite mush increased by crystallization of hydrous phases (amphibole and phlogopite) locally resulting in the unmixing of a late carbonate fluid. The proposed scenario is consistent with subduction of probably Variscan age and with the occurrence of modal metasomatism before peridotite incorporation in the crust. Received: 20 July 1998 / Accepted: 28 October 1998  相似文献   

Geophysical interpretation of a high-resolution seismic refraction profile in the Northern Apennines     

Giancarlo Biella  Roberto De  Franco  Martina Demartin  Riccardo Barzaghi  Fernando Sanso  Domenico Sguerso 《地学学报》1994,6(1):45-53

A combined seismic and gravimetric interpretation in the Northern Apennines area (Italy) is presented. To the knowledge of the authors, this is one of the few attempts to apply tomographic methodology to a seismic refraction profile. This procedure, together with the classical interpretation for defining lower reflectors, led to the formulation of quite an accurate model of the upper crust. A gravity analysis was performed concurrently taking into account the seismic results at different depths which correspond to different frequency domains in the gravity signal. While the medium- and high-frequency patterns have been solved by trial-and-error, the regional trend has been modelled applying the collocation procedure to the gravity data.  相似文献