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The effect of fully submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method. 相似文献
113.
世界银行与国土资源部共同实施的“中国经济改革实施”子项目“农村集体建设用地管理利用政策研究”调研工作在文登市展开。为配合专家组调研,根据国土资源部《农村集体建设用地管理利用的政策研究项目报告书》,文登市国土资源局于2007年1月至3月中旬,就农村集体建设用地整理子课题进行了详细的调查和分析,基本摸清了文登市农村集体建设用地整理的现状及潜力。 相似文献
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Cloning and sequencing of the genes coding for the α- and β- subunit of phycoerythrin (PE) of a red alga—Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) are reported. Alignment of 1084 nucleotides sequenced with three known red algal PE genes,Rhodella violacea (RV),Polysiphonia boldii (PB) andAglaothamnion neglectum (AN), showed high level of conservation, and similarities of 77,6% (between GL and RV), 77.9% (GL and AN) and 79.0% (GL and
PB). The similarities of amino acids were 84.8% (between GL and RV), 85.7% (GL and PB), and 80.6% (AN and GL), higher than
those among nucleotides.
Project 39670405 supported by NSFC and Japanese Science Promotion Society (JSPS). 相似文献
116.
The 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences (5.8S rDNA) and their flanking regions, internal transcribed spacer 1 and spacer 2 (ITS1
and ITS2) of three new isolates in genus Alexandrium (Alexandrium sp. qd1, Alexandrium sp. qd2, Alexandrium sp. gz) from China were amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Alexandrium sp. gz and Alexandrium sp. qd1 were grouped with high bootstrap values with four strains/species, i.e., A. catenella South Korea strain, A. catenella Japan strain, and two from China, Alexandrium sp. AC03 and Alexandrium sp. AN01 being proposed to be A. catenalla in a previous study. Then Alexandrium sp. gz and Alexandrium sp. qd1 were identified as Alexandrium catenella. As A. catenella was isolated from Qingdao and Guangzhou sea areas, it supposedly distributed at least in these two areas and was genetically
different. Alexandrium sp. qd2 differed greatly from species in Alexandrium. It clustered with Symbiodinium californium, Symbiodinium sp. G15 and Gymnodinium sp. Zhao 01 with 100% bootstrap value; so Alexandrium sp. qd2 affiliates to genus Symbiodinium, and is probably a free-living Symbiodinium species. 相似文献
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Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: a sensitivity study with a 2-D cloud resolving model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Prognostic cloud schemes are increasingly used in weather and climate models in order to better treat cloud-radiation processes.
Simplifications are often made in such schemes for computational efficiency, like the scheme being used in the National Centers
for Environment Prediction models that excludes some microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction. In this
study, sensitivity tests with a 2-D cloud resolving model are carried out to examine effects of the excluded microphysical
processes and precipitation-radiation interaction on tropical thermodynamics and cloud properties. The model is integrated
for 10 days with the imposed vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment. The experiment excluding the depositional growth of snow from cloud ice shows anomalous growth of cloud
ice and more than 20% increase of fractional cloud cover, indicating that the lack of the depositional snow growth causes
unrealistically large mixing ratio of cloud ice. The experiment excluding the precipitation-radiation interaction displays
a significant cooling and drying bias. The analysis of heat and moisture budgets shows that the simulation without the interaction
produces more stable upper troposphere and more unstable mid and lower troposphere than does the simulation with the interaction.
Thus, the suppressed growth of ice clouds in upper troposphere and stronger radiative cooling in mid and lower troposphere
are responsible for the cooling bias, and less evaporation of rain associated with the large-scale subsidence induces the
drying in mid and lower troposphere. 相似文献
120.