The stellar content of a spiral arm of NGC 4321     

Ted K. Wyder  rew E. Dolphin  & Paul W. Hodge 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(1):259-266

The effects of the passage of a spiral arm through the disc of the giant Virgo Sc galaxy NGC 4321 are investigated with Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images in two colours. Concentrating on a portion of the southern spiral arm of NGC 4321, we have applied a new program to solve for the star formation histories in the arm and interarm regions separately. The observational uncertainties and the variable crowding across the spiral arm are taken into account using the results of artificial star tests. In the interarm regions the data are consistent with a constant star formation rate for the last 50 Myr while the stars in the arm region show a star formation rate four times larger than in the interarm regions in the last 5 Myr.  相似文献   

Semi-automated extraction of digital objective prism spectra     

Coryn A. L. Bailer-Jones  Mike Irwin  & Ted von Hippel 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(4):1061-1068

We describe a method for the extraction of spectra from high-dispersion objective prism plates. Our method is a catalogue-driven plate solution approach, making use of the right ascension and declination coordinates for the target objects. In contrast to existing methods of photographic plate reduction, we digitize the entire plate and extract spectra off-line. This approach has the advantages that it can be applied to CCD objective prism images and spectra can be re-extracted (or additional spectra extracted) without having to re-scan the plate. After a brief initial interactive period, the subsequent reduction procedure is completely automatic, resulting in fully reduced, wavelength-justified spectra. We also discuss a method of removing stellar continua using a combination of non-linear filtering algorithms.   The method described is used to extract over 12 000 spectra from a set of 92 objective prism plates. These spectra are used in an associated project to develop automated spectral classifiers based on neural networks.  相似文献   

Meander hydrodynamics initiated by river restoration deflectors     

Tian Zhou  Ted Endreny 《水文研究》2012,26(22):3378-3392

River restoration projects have installed j‐hook deflectors along the outer bank of meander bends to reduce hydraulic erosion, and in this study we use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to document how these deflectors initiate changes in meander hydrodynamics. We validated the CFD with streamwise and cross‐channel bankfull velocities from a 193° meander bend flume (inlet at 0°) with a fixed point bar and pool equilibrium bed but no j‐hooks, and then used the CFD to simulate changes to flow initiated by bank‐attached boulder j‐hooks (1^st attached at 70°, then a 2^nd at 160°). At bankfull and half bankfull flow the j‐hooks flattened transverse water surface slopes, formed backwater pools upstream of the boulders, and steepened longitudinal water slopes across the boulders and in the conveyance region off the mid‐channel boulder tip. Streamwise velocity and mass transport jets upstream of the j‐hooks were stilled, mid‐channel jets were initiated in the conveyance region, eddies with a cross‐channel axis formed below boulders, and eddies with a vertical axis were shed into wake zones downstream of the point bar and outer bank boulders. At half bankfull depth conveyance region flow cut toward the outer bank downstream of the j‐hook boulders and the secondary circulation cells were reshaped. At bankfull depth the j‐hook at 160° was needed to redirect bank‐impinging flow sent by the upstream j‐hook. The hooked boulder tip of both j‐hooks funneled surface flow into mid‐channel plunging jets, which reversed the secondary circulation cells and initiated 1 to 3 counter rotating cells through the entire meander. The main outer bank collision zone centered at 50° without the j‐hook was moved by the j‐hook to within and just beyond the 70° j‐hook boulder region, which displaced other mass transport zones downstream. J‐hooks re‐organized water surface slopes, streamwise and cross‐channel velocities, and mass transport patterns, to move shear stress from the outer bank and into the conveyance and mid‐channel zones at bankfull flow. At half bankfull flows a patch of high shear re‐attached to the outer bank below the downstream j‐hook. J‐hook geometry and placement within natural meanders can be analyzed with CFD models to help restoration teams reach design goals and understand hydraulic impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transport – Edited by Susan Hanson and Mei-Po Kwan     

Ted Grossardt 《Area》2009,41(4):477-478

  相似文献   

加拿大主要农田作物临界气象指标     

陈凯  钱步东  智协飞  O'BRIEN E.G.Ted 《南京气象学院学报》2013,36(4)

根据加拿大主要农田作物生长发育对天气与气候条件的要求、农业气象学与气候学原理以及全球气候变化对农作物生产的影响和发展趋势,选择6个关键性气象因素(极端气温、强降水、强风、冷冻、土壤极端水分和作物生产有效热能条件),开发和评价12个农业气象临界指标(寒潮及热浪天数、日及旬最大降水量、日最大风速、强风天数、无霜期及冰冻期天数、标准降水系数、季节性水分亏缺、作物生长有效积温和累积热能单位).这些指标可供在该国各农产区科学规划和合理发展各类农田作物生产,包括喜暖性和喜凉性一年生草本作物,越冬性二年生及多年生草本及木本作物.该研究还依据该国这三类主要农田作物对临界温度和水分的需求,以及加拿大农田作物生长期和越冬期的天气和气候特征,建立了在任意农业生产年份中各类农田作物生长起始和终止日期的模式.本研究结果能用于指导该国将来在不同农产区适地适时种植适宜的农田作物和高效地经营与管理农场,同时可为农业生产咨询、政策制定和合理决策提供科学依据,也可供其他国家或地区开展类似的科学研究参考.  相似文献   

Optical constants of amorphous and crystalline H₂O-ice in the near infrared from 1.1 to 2.6 μm     

R.M. Mastrapa  M.P. Bernstein  T.L. Roush  C.M. Dalle Ore 《Icarus》2008,197(1):307-320

Using new laboratory spectra, we have calculated the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of amorphous and crystalline H₂O-ice from 20 to 150 K in the frequency range 9000-3800 cm⁻¹ (1.1-2.6 μm) at a spectral resolution of 1 cm⁻¹. These optical constants can be used to create model spectra for comparison to spectra from Solar System objects. We also analyzed the differences between the amorphous and crystalline H₂O-ice spectra, including weakening of bands and shifting of bands to shorter wavelength in amorphous H₂O-ice spectra. We have also observed two spectrally distinct phases of amorphous H₂O-ice.  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene lake‐level fluctuations in the Lahontan Basin,Nevada: Implications for the distribution of archaeological sites     

Kenneth D. Adams  Ted Goebel  Kelly Graf  Geoffrey M. Smith  Anna J. Camp  Richard W. Briggs  David Rhode 《Geoarchaeology》2008,23(5):608-643

The Great Basin of the western U.S. contains a rich record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake‐level fluctuations as well as an extensive record of human occupation during the same time frame. We compare spatial‐temporal relationships between these records in the Lahontan basin to consider whether lake‐level fluctuations across the Pleistocene‐Holocene transition controlled distribution of archaeological sites. We use the reasonably well‐dated archaeological record from caves and rockshelters as well as results from new pedestrian surveys to investigate this problem. Although lake levels probably reached maximum elevations of about 1230–1235 m in the different subbasins of Lahontan during the Younger Dryas (YD) period, the duration that the lakes occupied the highest levels was brief. Paleoindian and Early Archaic archaeological sites are concentrated on somewhat lower and slightly younger shorelines (_1220–1225 m) that also date from the Younger Dryas period. This study suggests that Paleoindians often concentrated their activities adjacent to large lakes and wetland resources soon after they first entered the Great Basin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Phytoplankton abundance and contributions to suspended particulate matter in the Ohio,Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers     

Paul A. Bukaveckas  Amy MacDonald  Anthony Aufdenkampe  John H. Chick  John E. Havel  Richard Schultz  Ted R. Angradi  David W. Bolgrien  Terri M. Jicha  Debra Taylor 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2011,73(3):419-436

Main channel habitats of the Ohio, Missouri, and Upper Mississippi Rivers were surveyed during the summers of 2004, 2005 and 2006 using a probability-based sampling design to characterize inter-annual and inter-river variation in suspended chlorophyll a (CHLa) and related variables. Large (fivefold) differences in CHLa were observed with highest concentrations in the Upper Mississippi (32.3 ± 1.8 μg L⁻¹), intermediate values in the Missouri (19.7 ± 1.1 μg L⁻¹) and lowest concentrations in the Ohio (6.8 ± 0.5 μg L⁻¹). Inter-annual variation was small in comparison to inter-river differences suggesting that basin-specific factors exert greater control over river-wide CHLa than regional-scale processes influencing climate and discharge. The rivers were characterized by variable but generally low light conditions as indicated by depth-averaged underwater irradiance <4 E m⁻² day⁻¹ and high ratios of channel depth to euphotic depth (>3). Despite poor light conditions, regression analyses revealed that TP was the best single predictor of CHLa (R ² = 0.40), though models incorporating both light and TP performed better (R ² = 0.60). Light and nutrient conditions varied widely within rivers and were inversely related, suggesting that riverine phytoplankton may experience shifts in resource limitation during transport. Inferred grazing and sedimentation losses were large yet CHLa concentrations did not decline downriver indicating that growth and loss processes were closely coupled. The contribution by algae to suspended particulate organic matter in these rivers (mean = 41%) was similar to that of lakes (39%) but lower relative to reservoirs (61%).  相似文献   

Climate,environment, and humans in North America’s Great Basin during the Younger Dryas, 12,900–11,600 calendar years ago     

Ted Goebel  Bryan Hockett  Kenneth D. Adams  David Rhode  Kelly Graf 《Quaternary International》2011,242(2):479-501

Global climate change associated with the onset of the Younger Dryas chronozone affected different regions of the northern hemisphere in different ways. In the Great Basin of western North America, the effect was positive for human populations. Relatively cool temperatures causing effectively wetter conditions filled some pluvial basins with shallow but permanent lakes and other basins with well-watered marshes or meadows. Vegetation communities dominated by sagebrush and grasses promoted healthy and diverse animal populations. Ten archaeological sites from the region have been dated to the Younger Dryas chronozone. Evidence from these sites indicates that Paleoindians with skull shapes and mitochondrial DNA similar to modern western North American Indians occupied the region. These early humans produced a material culture characterized predominantly by large stemmed bifacial points, although one site contained a small fluted point. Curated tool forms and technological activities represented in analyzed lithic assemblages suggest a highly mobile settlement strategy, and redundant short-term occupations of sites indicate frequent and long-distance residential moves across territories spanning distances of up to 400 km. Paleoindian subsistence pursuits focused on artiodactyls (primarily mule deer, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope), leporids (chiefly jackrabbits), birds (sage grouse and waterfowl), insects (grasshoppers), and possibly fish. Easy-to-process plants like cactus pads were also eaten, but small seeds do not seem to have been an important part of Great Basin human diets until long after the Younger Dryas, closer to 9500 cal BP. The Great Basin record contains no evidence for natural catastrophe at the onset of the chronozone. Instead, the Younger Dryas appears to have been among the best of times for human foragers in this region of North America.  相似文献   

Estimating overland flow erosion capacity using unit stream power   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hui-Ming SHIH  Chih Ted YANG 《国际泥沙研究》2009,24(1):46-62

Soil erosion caused by water flow is a complex problem. Both empirical and physically based approaches were used for the estimation of surface erosion rates. Their applications are mainly limited to experimental areas or laboratory studies. The maximum sediment concentration overland flow can carry is not considered in most of the existing surface erosion models. The lack of erosion capacity limitation may cause over estimations of sediment concentration. A correlation analysis is used in this study to determine significant factors that impact surface erosion capacity. The result shows that the unit stream power is the most dominant factor for overland flow erosion which is consistent with experimental data. A bounded regression formula is used to reflect the limits that sediment concentration cannot be less than zero nor greater than a maximum value. The coefficients used in the model are calibrated using published laboratory data. The computed results agree with laboratory data very well. A one dimensional overland flow diffusive wave model is used in conjunction with the developed soil erosion equation to simulate field experimental results. This study concludes that the non-linear regression method using unit stream power as the dominant factor performs well for estimating overland flow erosion capacity.  相似文献