Dynamical evolution of galactic disks driven by interaction with a satellite     

Toshio Tsuchiya 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):515-518

Dynamical evolution of galactic disks driven by interaction with satellite galaxies, particularly the problem of the disk warping and thickening is studied numerically. One of the main purpose of the study is to resolve the long standing problem of the origin of the disk warping. A possible cause of the warp is interaction with a satellite galaxy. In the case of the Milky Way, the LMC has been considered as the candidate. Some linear analysis have already given a positive result, but one had to wait for a fully self-consistent simulation as a proof. I have accomplished the numerical simulations with a million particles, by introducing a hybrid algorithm, SCF-TREE. Those simulations give us quantitative estimates for the Milky Way system. We have found an example in which large warp amplitudes are developed. We also found that the warp amplitudes depend on the halo distribution. Among our three models, the most massive and spherical halo is preferable for the observable warp excitation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Mid-latitude horizontal electric fields in the stratosphere during magnetically disturbed periods     

Toshio Ogawa  Hiroto Kawamoto 《Planetary and Space Science》1982,30(10):1013-1024

The horizontal electric field has been measured with balloons over the Pacific Ocean near the Sanriku Coast in Japan. By comparing the electric-field data obtained during magnetically disturbed periods, 16–17 October 1973, 6–7 October 1975 and 3–4 October 1977, with IMF B_z, auroral zone AU and AL, equatorial Dst and $\text{Δ(Dst)}\text{Δt}$, mid-latitude magnetic fields (H, D, Z at Kakioka), and the ionospheric electron density (?₀F2 at Kokubunji), it is found that the observed electric fields of about 9 mVm^?1 made the clockwise rotation during the growth and recovery stages of the magnetospheric substorms. Relations between high and middle latitude ionospheres and between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere are discussed in relation to the origin and propagation of these electric fields.  相似文献   

Possibility of measuring the large scale electric field at ground level     

Toshio Ogawa 《Planetary and Space Science》1976,24(8):801-802

A method is proposed for making measurements near the ground of a large scale electric field mapped from ionospheric and magnetospheric sources.  相似文献   

基于InSAR同震形变观测反演2010年新西兰南岛M_w7.1 Darfield地震同震破裂分布          下载免费PDF全文

罗旭巍  孙建宝  沈正康  Yo Fukushima 《地球物理学报》2013,56(8):2613-2624

2010年9月4日新西兰南岛Canterbury平原发生了M_w7.1地震,震源深度约为10 km.本次地震发生在一条震前不为人所知的断层上.我们利用覆盖整个震区的合成孔径雷达(SAR)观测资料,通过干涉处理分析获得雷达视线向(LOS)同震形变场;以此资料为约束反演了断层的几何参数以及同震破裂分布.结果显示,该地震造成四条相对独立断层的破裂.大部分的地震矩释放发生在Greendale断层(编号1-4),其错动以右旋走滑为主,最大破裂约为8.5 m.其它三条断层中,经过震源的逆冲断层最大破裂为5.1 m (编号6),位于Greendale断层以西的逆冲断层最大破裂为3.5 m (编号5),位于Greendale断层北面的走滑断层最大破裂为1.9 m(编号7).反演的Greendale断层地表滑动与地质调查得到的地表破裂在形态和数值上均吻合较好.本次地震释放的地震矩为5.0×10¹⁹N·m,矩震级为7.1.板块边界带形变场分析表明,Darfield地震的发生受边界带应变分配在该地区残留构造应力场控制,其复杂性体现了区域构造应力场的特点.地震对其周围地区的应力场影响较大,库仑应力增加区与余震分布有一定对应关系,并在2011年Christchurch 6.3级地震发震断层区域造成约0.1bar的库仑应力增加,对此地震有一定的触发作用.  相似文献   

一个基于模拟退火法的陆面数据同化算法   总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15  

李新  小池俊雄  程国栋 《地球科学进展》2003,18(4):632-636

陆面数据同化系统是近年来兴起的新领域。我们发展了一个实验型的陆面数据同化方案,它使用一种启发式优化算法——模拟退火法极小化目标泛函。与变分法和Kalman滤波方法比较,这一算法具有独立于目标泛函的优点,可处理模型和观测算子的非线性和不连续性。使用GAME—Tibet实验中的土壤水分观测值进行单点数值实验,成功地将土壤水分观测同化到陆面过程模型SiB2中。结果表明,与不进行同化相比,土壤水分的估计值有较大改善。  相似文献   

The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy     

Brian Luzum  Nicole Capitaine  Agn??s Fienga  William Folkner  Toshio Fukushima  James Hilton  Catherine Hohenkerk  George Krasinsky  G??rard Petit  Elena Pitjeva  Michael Soffel  Patrick Wallace 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2011,110(4):293-304

In the 2006?C2009 triennium, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group on Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy determined a list of Current Best Estimates (CBEs). The IAU 2009 Resolution B2 adopted these CBEs as the IAU (2009) System of Astronomical Constants. Additional work continues to define the process of updating the CBEs and creating a standard electronic document.  相似文献   

Trace-element zoning patterns in porphyroblastic garnets in low-T eclogites: Parameter optimization of the diffusion-limited REE-uptake model     

Ryo Fukushima  Tatsuki Tsujimori  Shogo Aoki  Kazumasa Aoki 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12394

Compositional zoning patterns of the major elements and REEs in prograde-zoned garnets whose Mg/(Mg + Fe) atomic ratios increase rimward have been widely used to understand the metamorphic P–T–t trajectories, and the diffusion-limited REE-uptake model is a promising way to interpret their growth rates and the REE diffusion kinetics in the low-temperature eclogite. In order to elucidate their growth kinetics with Skora et al.'s (2006) diffusion-limited REE uptake model for prograde-zoned garnets, we examine the trace-element zoning patterns of two prograde-zoned porphyroblastic garnets (~6 mm in size) in low-temperature eclogites from two different localities. Core-to-rim trace-element profiles in a garnet (prp_5–9alm_61–67sps_1–3grs_24–30) of a glaucophane-bearing epidote eclogite of Syros (Cyclades, Greece) are characterized by the presence of Y + HREE peaks in the mantle, which might be attributed to a continuous breakdown of the titanite to form rutile during the garnet growth. In contrast, those in a garnet (prp_4–7alm_61–68sps_3–10grs_23–24) extracted from a lawsonite-eclogite of the South Motagua Mélange (SMM) (Guatemala) have prominent central peaks of Y + HREEs. Although the REE profiles of both the garnets can be explained by the diffusion-limited uptake, their Mn profiles suggest that their growth-rate laws are different: i.e., diffusion-controlled (Syros) and interface-controlled (SMM). Prior to the model application, we optimize the number of the parameters as the garnet grows with the interface-controlled processes based on the growth Péclet number. In particular, we propose the ratio of the REE diffusivity in the eclogitic matrix to the garnet growth rate as the new parameter. Visualizing the values of the new parameters allows to readily understand the relationship between the REE profiles and the REE-diffusion/garnet-growth kinetics in low-T eclogite. Our model refinement leads to the simple quantitative characterization of core-to-rim REE profiles in garnet in low-temperature eclogites.  相似文献   

Installation of ocean bottom bases for observation of seafloor crustal movement     

Hiromi Fujimoto  Jiro Segawa  Toshio Furuta  Hideyuki Murakami 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3-4):177-184

Abstract

Ocean bottom bases (OBBs) have been installed on both sides of the axis of the Sagami Trough east of the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, as the first step toward long‐term geodetic and geophysical observations at the plate boundary (subduction zone). The OBB is a platform for seafloor measurements; otherwise it is difficult to find an appropriate place for precise seafloor measurements in the subduction zones. It is made of a nonmagnetic concrete block of size 1100 × 1100 × 500 mm. It was lowered from a ship using a winch wire and installed on a predetermined place with its position being monitored by an acoustic transponder system and a 30‐kHz bottom pinger with an accuracy of about 2 m.

It was confirmed later during the divings on board the submersible Shinkai 2000 that the OBB was installed on a flat mud bottom in normal condition. No change has been recognized in the installation condition in 3 years; the OBB is stable enough to be used for acoustic range measurements on the seafloor as well as for several geophysical measurements.

The resolution of seafloor range measurement can be improved by two orders by using phase measurement techniques with the aid of pulse compression. Precise acoustic range measurement of the order of 10^?5 is feasible under the following conditions: two‐way measurements between the two OBBs installed on the slope facing each other with angles larger than 1.5°. Correction is necessary for the effect of long‐term temperature variation.  相似文献   

The interannual precipitation variability in the southern part of Iran as linked to large-scale climate modes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Farnaz Pourasghar  Tomoki Tozuka  Saeed Jahanbakhsh  Behrooz Sari Sarraf  Hooshang Ghaemi  Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2329-2341

The interannual variation of precipitation in the southern part of Iran and its link with the large-scale climate modes are examined using monthly data from 183 meteorological stations during 1974–2005. The majority of precipitation occurs during the rainy season from October to May. The interannual variation in fall and early winter during the first part of the rainy season shows apparently a significant positive correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, a partial correlation analysis used to extract the respective influence of IOD and ENSO shows a significant positive correlation only with the IOD and not with ENSO. The southeasterly moisture flux anomaly over the Arabian Sea turns anti-cyclonically and transport more moisture to the southern part of Iran from the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf during the positive IOD. On the other hand, the moisture flux has northerly anomaly over Iran during the negative IOD, which results in reduced moisture supply from the south. During the latter part of the rainy season in late winter and spring, the interannual variation of precipitation is more strongly influenced by modes of variability over the Mediterranean Sea. The induced large-scale atmospheric circulation anomaly controls moisture supply from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.  相似文献   

Cyclic magma storages and transfers at Piton de La Fournaise volcano (La Réunion hotspot) inferred from deformation and geochemical data     

Aline Peltier  Vincent Famin  Patrick Bachlery  Valrie Cayol  Yo Fukushima  Thomas Staudacher 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,270(3-4):180-188

Piton de La Fournaise is in a period of intense volcanic activity since 1998. To constrain the magma dynamics responsible for this activity, we combined GPS ground deformation monitoring interpreted through numerical modelling and geochemistry. Two cycles of continuous volcano inflation are evidenced for the May 2004–December 2005 period, with a rest from March to October 2005. These inflations are consistent with two cycles of compatible major element enrichment in the emitted lavas. Numerical models indicate that the pressurization of a single magma reservoir may be responsible for the observed pre-eruptive inflations of the volcano. The reservoir, located at 2300 m depth, has a radius of  500 m. At the beginning of each cycle, dykes propagate from the roof of the reservoir and yield eruptions of differentiated basalt near the summit. At the end of the cycle, dykes propagate from the eastern sidewall of the reservoir and yield distal eruptions of primitive magmas away from the summit. The volumes of magma emitted during the primitive eruptions seem too large to explain the surface deformations and therefore suggest some refill of the reservoir by deeper magmas. Our results may be used to predict the location and lava volume of future eruptions at Piton de La Fournaise volcano, depending on the timing of these eruptions within a cycle of volcanic activity.  相似文献