Interstellar cyanomethane     

Turner BE  Friberg P  Irvine WM  Saito S  Yamamoto S 《The Astrophysical journal》1990,355(2):546-561

We have made an observational study of the newly identified cyanomethane radical CH2CN and the possibly related species CH3CN with the goals of (1) elucidating the possible role of reactions of the type CnHm(+) + N in astrochemistry, and (2) providing a possible test of Bates's models of dissociative electron recombination. We find a remarkably different abundance ratio CH2CN/CH3CN in TMC-1 and Sgr B2, which we deduce is a result of the large difference in temperature of these objects. Studies of CH2CN and CH3CN in other sources, including two new detections of CH2CN, support this conclusion and are consistent with a monotonic increase in the CH2CN/CH3CN ratio with decreasing temperature over the range 10-120 K. This behavior may be explained by the destruction of CH2CN by reaction with O. If this reaction does not proceed, then CH2CN and CH3CN are concluded to form via different chemical pathways. Thus, they do not provide a test of Bates's conjectures (they do not both form from CH3CNH+). CH2CN is then likely to form via C2H4(+) + N --> CH2CNH+, thus demonstrating the viability of this important reaction in astrochemistry. The T dependence of the CH2CN/CH3CN ratio would then reflect the increasing rate of the C2H4(+) + N reaction with decreasing temperature.  相似文献   

Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L.A. Groat  G. Giuliani  D.D. Marshall  D. Turner 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):87

Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl, is the third most valuable gemstone (after diamond and ruby). Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, Colombia supplies most (an estimated 60%, worth more than $500,000,000 per year) of the world's emeralds. However there is speculation that the emerald mines in Colombia are becoming depleted. Brazil currently accounts for approximately 10% of world emerald production. Emeralds have also been mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, India, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States, and Zimbabwe.Because it is difficult to obtain accurate analyses of beryllium, most published analyses of beryl are renormalized on the basis of 18 oxygen and 3 Be atoms per formula unit. The color of emerald is due to trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium replacing aluminum at the Y site; in most cases the Cr content is much greater than that of V. To achieve charge balance, the substitution of divalent cations at the Y site is coupled with the substitution of a monovalent cation for a vacancy at a channel site.Beryl is relatively rare because there is very little Be in the upper continental crust. Unusual geologic and geochemical conditions are required for Be and Cr and/or V to meet. In the classic model, Be-bearing pegmatites interact with Cr-bearing ultramafic or mafic rocks. However in the Colombian deposits there is no evidence of magmatic activity and it has been demonstrated that circulation processes within the host black shales were sufficient to form emerald. In addition, researchers are recognizing that regional metamorphism and tectonometamorphic processes such as shear zone formation may play a significant role in certain emerald deposits.A number of genetic classification schemes have been proposed for emerald deposits. Most are ambiguous when it comes to understanding the mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of an emerald deposit. Studies of individual emerald deposits show that in most cases a combination of mechanisms (magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic) were needed to bring Be into contact with the chromophores. This suggests the need for a more flexible classification scheme based on mode of formation. Stable isotopes can be used to estimate the contribution of each mechanism in the formation of a particular deposit. Such estimates could perhaps be more precisely defined using trace element data, which should reflect the mode of formation.Emerald may be identified in the field by color, hardness, and form. It will tend to show up in stream sediment samples but because its specific gravity is relatively low, it will not concentrate in the heavy mineral fraction. In Colombia, structural geology, the sodium content of stream sediment samples, and the lithium, sodium, and lead contents of soil samples have all been used to find emerald occurrences. Exploration for gem beryl could result in the discovery of new occurrences of non-gem beryl or other Be minerals that could become new sources of Be and Be oxide.Future efforts should go towards creating a comprehensive data base of emerald compositions (including trace elements), determination of the role of metamorphism in the formation of some emerald deposits, improved classification schemes, and more effective exploration guidelines.  相似文献   

Magmatic Differentiation at an Island-arc Caldera: Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Finney  Benjamin; Turner  Simon; Hawkesworth  Chris; Larsen  Jessica; Nye  Chris; George  Rhiannon; Bindeman  Ilya; Eichelberger  John 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(5):857-884

Okmok volcano is situated on oceanic crust in the central Aleutianarc and experienced large (15 km³) caldera-forming eruptionsat 12 000 years BP and 2050 years BP. Each caldera-forming eruptionbegan with a small Plinian rhyodacite event followed by theemplacement of a dominantly andesitic ash-flow unit, whereaseffusive inter- and post-caldera lavas have been more basaltic.Phenocryst assemblages are composed of olivine + pyroxene +plagioclase ± Fe–Ti oxides and indicate crystallizationat 1000–1100°C at 0·1–0·2 GPain the presence of 0–4% H₂O. The erupted products followa tholeiitic evolutionary trend and calculated liquid compositionsrange from 52 to 68 wt % SiO₂ with 0·8–3·3wt % K₂O. Major and trace element models suggest that the moreevolved magmas were produced by 50–60% in situ fractionalcrystallization around the margins of the shallow magma chamber.Oxygen and strontium isotope data (¹⁸O 4·4–4·9,⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr 0·7032–0·7034) indicate interactionwith a hydrothermally altered crustal component, which led toelevated thorium isotope ratios in some caldera-forming magmas.This compromises the use of uranium–thorium disequilibria[(²³⁰Th/ ²³⁸U) = 0·849–0·964] to constrainthe time scales of magma differentiation but instead suggeststhat the age of the hydrothermal system is 100 ka. Modellingof the diffusion of strontium in plagioclase indicates thatmany evolved crystal rims formed less than 200 years prior toeruption. This addition of rim material probably reflects theremobilization of crystals from the chamber margins followingreplenishment. Basaltic recharge led to the expansion of themagma chamber, which was responsible for the most recent caldera-formingevent. KEY WORDS: Okmok; caldera; U-series isotopes; Sr-diffusion; time scales; Aleutian arc  相似文献   

铜陵狮子山地区中酸性侵入岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及岩浆作用的深部过程   总被引：24，自引：11，他引：13  

吴才来  董树文  国和平  郭祥炎  高前明  刘良根  陈其龙  雷敏 《岩石学报》2008,24(8)

铜陵狮子山地区中酸性侵入岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,白茫山辉石二长闪长岩、鸡冠山和大团山石英二长闪长岩以及胡村花岗闪长岩的年龄分别为:138.21 ±0.82Ma、139.9 ±1.1Ma、139.3 ±1.2Ma和140.9 ±1.2Ma.岩浆侵位顺序为花岗闪长岩→石英二长闪长岩→辉石二长闪长岩.根据锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄变化范围,推测该区岩浆活动持续的时间约为15Ma,且岩浆属脉动式多次侵位,后期岩浆侵位的热使早期岩体中已结晶的锆石发生熔解、重结晶,形成新的锆石.地下深部岩浆活动频繁,形成了多级岩浆房,使得本区的莫霍面界线不明显.  相似文献   

High energy coastal sedimentary deposits; an evaluation of depositional processes in Southwest England     

I. D. L. Foster  A. J. Albon  K. M. Bardell  J. L. Fletcher  T. C. Jardine  R. J. Mothers  M. A. Pritchard  S. E. Turner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1991,16(4):341-356

Sediments left by coastal flooding have been observed worldwide and have been variously ascribed to the action of storm surges and tsunami waves. To date, no study has attempted to unequivocally establish on stratigraphical, sedimentological, and palaeoecological grounds the means by which these two different processes might be distinguished in coastal sedimentary sequences. This paper examines the evidence for historical storm surges and tsunamis and shows that both high magnitude events have been documented over the past 250 years in southwest England. Sand layers of varying thickness are present within Holocene lagoonal and peat sequences of several shallow lakes of the Scilly Isles. Detailed analysis of Big Pool, St Agnes, indicates that the basal peats date from around 1000 BP. Within the basal peats are numerous thin sand layers. Above the basal peat is an extensive sand layer 15 to 40 cm thick. The base of this latter layer probably dates from the early to mid 18th century. Particle size, grain surface morphology, diatom, and mineral magnetic studies are used to try and determine the most likely mode of deposition. The results of all analyses are inconclusive, but the weight of evidence suggests that the increasing frequency of thin sand layers in the upper part of the basal peat may be related to the increasing frequency and intensity of Atlantic storms during the Little Ice Age superimposed upon a rising sea level. The thick sand layer may have been deposited by the tsunami wave generated by the Lisbon earthquake of November 1,1755. Due to the difficulties in distinguishing depositional processes in coastal environments known to have been affected by storm surges and tsunami waves, it is suggested that generally accepted sedimentological techniques are inadequate for discriminating depositional processes in coastal environments.  相似文献   

Some turbulence characteristics of convectively mixed layers over rugged and homogeneous terrain     

B. P. Huynh  C. E. Coulman  T. R. Turner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,51(3):229-254

Turbulence characteristics of convectively mixed layers over rugged and homogenous terrain are presented, and their differences are sought. The data used in the study were obtained from aircraftborne instruments. Apart from statistics related to the mixing ratio q, there does not seem to be a marked difference between the two sets of data. This lack of difference is attributed to the degree of ruggedness of the terrain and the dominant wind direction. The behaviour of some statistics related to q is attributed to the entrainment effect of the unstable layer of the moist, cool air above the mixed layer.This work was initiated and a large part of it was completed while all three authors were with CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation), Australia.Formerly at: Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia.Formerly at: Division of Mathematics and Statistics, CSIRO, Lindfield, NSW, Australia.  相似文献   

Relationships between wetland fragmentation and recent hydrologic changes in a Deltaic Coast     

R. Eugene Turner  Yeleswarapu S. Rao 《Estuaries and Coasts》1990,13(3):272-281

Patterns in coastal wetland loss in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined using aerial imagery from 1955–56 and 1978. Five qualitative types of wetland changes are evident: (1) spoil bank-parallel pond formation, (2) pond formation with apparent random distribution for the smallest ponds, but very clumped distribution for larger ponds, (3) semi- or complete impoundment resulting in open water formation, (4) cutting off of stream channels upstream of where a spoil bank crosses a natural channel, and (5) erosion at the land-water interface. Only ponds <20 ha formed and disappeared in the interval, and it is clear that wetland breakup, not erosion at the pond-lake edge, is the dominant form of wetland-to-open water conversion. Canals and their spoil banks are spatially related to wetland-to-water conversion which is evident up to 2 km away from those man-made features. The indirect impacts of canals and spoil banks vary regionally, for example, with sediment compaction rates that increase with increasing sediment deposition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that canals and spoil banks are a major factor driving wetland loss rates because they change wetland hydrology.  相似文献   

Magma mingling in late-Delamerian A-type granites at Mannum,South Australia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. Turner  J. Foden 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,56(3-4):147-169

Summary The Mannum granite forms part of the Padthaway A-type granite suite, which intruded the Adelaide fold belt along with the Black Hill gabbroic complex just after the cessation of the Delamerian Orogeny. Included within the granite are microgranite blocks, inferred to be stoped pieces of a contaminated margin facies, and numerous mafic enclaves. These enclaves display a variety of globular and tear-drop shapes, are fine-grained, lack chilled margins and enclose and react with quartz and feldspar phenocrysts from the granite, suggesting they represent contemporaneous mafic magma that was mingling with the granite magma during intrusion. Modelled temperature-viscosity relationships show that, in order for these enclaves to behave in a plastic manner, the granite magma must have had a temperature in excess of 930 °C after thermal equilibration was achieved. The contemporaneity of mafic magmas resolves any thermal budget problems arising out of the formation of these high-temperature granites, and a considerable mantle flux is implied during their genesis, consistent with gravity data and the presence of the Black Hill gabbros.The enclave compositions range from dolerite and quartz-diorite to leucocratic varieties, and, together with the Mannum granite, the other Padthaway granites and rocks from the Black Hill gabbroic complex, define a tholeiite-granophyre series (SiO₂ 49–74%). Although the composition of the enclaves has been modified by diffusion and hybridism; the coherency of this array augments thermal arguments for a genetic relationship between the mafic and felsic magmas. Nd and Sr isotope data on the host granite and enclaves (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sri 0.7041–0.7060;Nd_i + 4 to –2) do not favour a crustal origin for any of the rocks. Rather, incompatible element plots indicate the A-type granites crystallized from highly fractionated magmas, consistent with rapid decreases in Eu/Eu* at relatively constantNd_i The high Eu/Eu*, highNd_i end of this trend projects into the array for the associated mafic rocks. This suggests the A-type granites of the Padthaway suite may have resulted from segregation of evolved residual interstitial liquids which form chemically and isotopically similar granophyre in the Black Hill gabbroic plutons.

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Magma-Mischung in spät-Delamerischen A-Typ Graniten in Mannum, Süd-Australien

Zusammenfassung Der Mannum-Granit bildet einen Teil der Padthaway Suite von A-Typ Graniten, die zusammen mit dem Black Hill Gabbro-Komplex unmittelbar nach dem Ende der Delamerischen Orogenese in den Adelaide-Fold Belt intrudiert wurden. Im Granit kommen Blöcke von Mikrogranit die als aus dem Dach stammende Teile einer kontaminierten Randfazies interpretiert werden, sowie zahlreiche mafische Enklaven vor. Letztere zeigen eine Vielfalt von rundlichen und wassertropfenförmigen Formen, sind feinkörnig, zeigen keine abgeschrägten Ränder und enthalten, und reagieren mit, Quarz und Feldspatkristallen aus dem Granit. Dies legt nahe, daß sie gleichzeitigem mafischem Magma zuzuordnen sind, das mit dem granitischen Magma während der Intrusion gemischt wurde. Modellierte Temperatur-Viskositätsbeziehungen zeigen, daß das granitische Magma eine Temperatur von mehr als 930 °C gehabt haben muß, nachdem thermisches Gleichgewicht erreicht war — sonst hätten die Enklaven sich nicht plastisch verhalten können. Die Gleichzeitigkeit der mafischen Magmen macht es möglich, Probleme des thermischen Budgets zu lösen, die sich aus der Bildung dieser Hochtemperatur-Granite ergeben. Ein beträchtlicher Mantel-Flux muß während ihrer Entstehung geherrscht haben. Dies steht in Übereinstimmung mit Schweredaten und mit dem Vorkommen der Black Hill Gabbros.Die Zusammensetzungen der Enklaven variieren von Dolerit und Quarz-Diorit bis zu leukokratischen Varietäten. Zusammen mit dem Mannum-Granit und mit den anderen Padthaway Graniten und Gesteinen aus dem Black Hill Gabbro Komplex definieren sie eine Tholeiit-Granophyr-Serie (SiO₂ 49–74%). Obwohl die Zusammensetzung der Enklaven durch Diffusion und Hybridisierung modifiziert wurde, treten thermale Argumente für eine genetische Beziehung zwischen dem mafischen und dem felsischen Magma in den Vordergrund. Nd und Sr Isotopen-Daten des Wirt-Granites und der Enklaven (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i 0.7041–0.7060; Nd₁ + 4 to –2) sprechen nicht für eine krustale Herkunft dieser Gesteine. Die Verteilungsmuster inkompatibler Elemente zeigen, daß die A-Typ Granite aus einem stark fraktionierten Magma kristallisierten, und dies stimmt mit rascher Abnahme von Eu/Eu* bei relativ konstantem Nd_i überein. Die hohen Eu/Eu* und die Nd-werte dieses Trends fallen in den Bereich der assoziierten mafischen Gesteine. Dies zeigt, daß die A-Typ Granite der Padthaway-Gruppe auf die Segregation entwickelter residualer Schmelzen zurückgehen, die chemisch und isotopisch ähnlichen Granophyr in den Black Hill Gabbro-Plutonen bilden.

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With 10 Figures  相似文献   

Stable isotope analysis of consumer food webs indicates ecosystem recovery following prolonged drought in a subtropical estuarine lake     

MS Bird  R Perissinotto  NAF Miranda  N Peer  JL Raw 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(3):411-422

Assessing changes in food-web structure provides a useful monitoring tool for gauging the resilience of ecosystems in the face of climatic impacts. We consider the ecological resilience of a large estuarine lake (St Lucia Estuary, South Africa) in the wake of an extreme climatic event (prolonged drought). Using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, food-web structure was assessed at five sites across the estuary during the winter and spring of 2013. Sampling occurred approximately three years after heavy rains flooded the system and returned it to a relatively diluted state following an almost decade-long drought that decimated food webs in the upper parts of the estuary due to hypersalinity effects. Comparisons of niche width and variance of consumer food webs among sites revealed a general homogenisation of food webs across the entire system, contrasting with the spatial differentiation of food webs documented during the drought phase. Our results indicate that the estuary is able to maintain ecological resilience at the whole-system level in the face of an extreme drought. This is likely facilitated by source pools of species residing in the relatively stable lower estuary, which are able to rapidly recolonise areas denuded by drought in the upper estuary.  相似文献   

The resolution sensitivity of the South Asian monsoon and Indo-Pacific in a global 0.35° AGCM     

Stephanie J. Johnson  Richard C. Levine  Andrew G. Turner  Gill M. Martin  Steven J. Woolnough  Reinhard Schiemann  Matthew S. Mizielinski  Malcolm J. Roberts  Pier Luigi Vidale  Marie-Estelle Demory  Jane Strachan 《Climate Dynamics》2016,46(3-4):807-831

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