Structural disturbances of the lunar surface near the Lunokhod-1 spacecraft landing site     

V. G. Kaydash  Yu. G. Shkuratov 《Solar System Research》2014,48(3):167-175

The American Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft acquired high-resolution images of the landing sites of the Apollo manned spaceships and the Luna automatic space probes. In the images taken with the LROC Narrow-Angle Camera, the traces of anthropogenic influence on the lunar surface are seen in these places. However, such traces are not always noticeable sufficiently well, since they are masked by inhomogeneities in the brightness of the examined surface region caused by its topographic features and albedo variations. To increase the potential of identifying the disturbances of the initial structure of the lunar surface, the data should be analyzed with so-called phase-ratio imaging. Its essence is that the ratio of two coinciding images of the same surface region obtained at different phase angles is calculated. This method was applied to the analysis of the landing site of the Soviet Luna-17 space probe that transported the Lunokhod-1 rover to the lunar surface. The structural disturbance caused by the impact of jet flows from the probe’s engines and the tracks of the Lunokhod-1 wheels, which are faintly discernible in the usual images, has been detected.  相似文献   

Electrical triggering of earthquakes: results of laboratory experiments at spring-block models          下载免费PDF全文

Victor A. Novikov  Vladimir I. Okunev  Vadim N. Klyuchkin  Jing Liu  Yuri Ya. Ruzhin  Xuhui Shen 《地震科学（英文版）》2017,30(4):167-172

Recently published results of field and laboratory experiments on the seismic/acoustic response to injection of direct current(DC) pulses into the Earth crust or stressed rock samples raised a question on a possibility of electrical earthquake triggering. A physical mechanism of the considered phenomenon is not clear yet in view of the very low current density(10~(-7)–10~(-8) A/m~2) generated by the pulsed power systems at the epicenter depth(5–10 km) of local earthquakes occurred just after the current injection. The paper describes results of laboratory‘‘earthquake' triggering by DC pulses under conditions of a spring-block model simulated the seismogenic fault. It is experimentally shown that the electric triggering of the laboratory ‘‘earthquake'(sharp slip of a movable block of the spring-block system) is possible only within a range of subcritical state of the system, when the shear stress between the movable and fixed blocks obtains 0.98–0.99 of its critical value. The threshold of electric triggering action is about 20 A/m~2 that is 7–8 orders of magnitude higher than estimated electric current density for Bishkek test site(Northern Tien Shan, Kirghizia) where the seismic response to the man-made electric action was observed. In this connection, the electric triggering phenomena may be explained by contraction of electric current in the narrow conductive areas of the faults and the corresponding increase in current density or by involving the secondary triggering mechanisms like electromagnetic stimulation of conductive fluid migration into the fault area resulted in decrease in the fault strength properties.  相似文献   

Microbially mediated methane and sulfur cycling in pockmark sediments of the Gdansk Basin, Baltic Sea   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Nikolay V. Pimenov  Marina O. Ulyanova  Timur A. Kanapatsky  Elena F. Veslopolova  Pavel A. Sigalevich  Vadim V. Sivkov 《Geo-Marine Letters》2010,30(3-4):439-448

In the Russian sector of the Gdansk Basin (Baltic Sea), high organic matter influx fuels microbial processes resulting in the formation of reduced sediments with elevated methane concentrations. Investigated areas of geoacoustic anomalies (～245 km²) were found to contain three distinct geomorphologic structures (pockmarks), with a total area of ～1 km². Methane anomalies recorded in the water above one of these pockmarks were traced as high as 10 m above the bottom. In pockmark sediments, sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) occurred at high rates of 33 and 50 µmol dm^?3 day^?1, respectively. Integrated over 0–180 cm sediment depths, AOM exceeded methanogenesis almost tenfold. High AOM rates resulted from methane influx from deeper sediment layers. The δ¹³C signature of methane carbon (?78.1 to ?71.1‰) indicates the biogenic origin of pockmark methane. In pockmark sediments, up to 70% of reduced sulfur compounds was possibly produced via AOM.  相似文献   

Low frequency observations of the scintillation of weak radio sources     

Vadim S. Artyukh  Barry Speed 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1979,61(1):229-241

Interplanetary scintillation observations of weak radio sources have been made at a frequency of 102.5 MHz. Sources have been chosen from the Bologna catalogue, with flux densities 0.5 Jy–4.0 Jy at 408 MHz.It has been found that the average scintillation visibility is in agreement with the results of the interferometer observations of Speed and Warwick (1978).A very wide spectral index distribution has been found for weak radio sources at low frequencies, perhaps indicating the presence of a new population of low luminosity, flat spectrum radio sources.  相似文献   

Stochastic dynamics of damage evolution in brittle rocks     

Vadim V. Silberschmidt  Vladimir G. Silberschmidt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(1):103-109

Development of defects in brittle rocks is analysed in terms of continuous damage mechanics with an emphasis on a shear damage evolution. Necessity to account for an effect of stochastic action leads to an introduction of kinetic relations for damage accumlation in a form of stochastic differential equations. Numerical algorithms for their solution for three types of noise are proposed. Results of simulation are compared with analytical solutions for a determiistic case (absence of stochastic action). Effect of various types of noise on damage accumulation and on time-to-fracture distributions is investigated. The study is limited to the case of temporal stochasticity; ways for unification of approach and schemes with spatial randomness are discussed.  相似文献   

近百年里海海平面的升降与伏尔加三角洲的发育     

李从先  V·依万诺夫  范代读  V·科洛达也夫  刘曙光  R·恰洛夫  杨守业 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2002,22(3):1-9

位于里海北部的伏尔加三角洲属河控型三角洲，其水下坡度极度平缓。近百年来里海海平面升降幅度达3．46m，其变化可分为3个阶段：1900－1929年缓慢下降期，平均下降速率为1.1cm/a；1930－1977年快速下降期，平均速率为6.3cm/a；1978－1999年为快速上升期，平均上升速率达到8.8cm/a。在海平面下降阶段，伏尔加三角洲增长幅度达到每年2－180km^2，这是由于河流泥沙的沉积和浅水区出露水面而造成。海平面上升之时，较浅水下三角洲部分成为“缓冲带”，降低了海平面上升对三角洲的影响。尽管近20多年来海平面迅速上升，伏尔加三角洲并未发现海岸侵蚀、湿地损失、盐水入侵、海岸洪涝灾害等一般大河三角洲常见的现象。对比其它三角洲可以发现，各个大河三角洲各以不同的方式响应海平面的上升。  相似文献   

Geophysical models for the tectonic framework of the Lake Vostok region, East Antarctica   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Michael Studinger  Garry D Karner  Vadim Levin  Anahita A. Tikku 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,216(4):663-677

Aerogeophysical and seismological data from a geophysical survey in the interior of East Antarctica were used to develop a conceptual tectonic model for the Lake Vostok region. The model is constrained using three independent data sets: magnetic, seismic, and gravimetric. A distinct change in the aeromagnetic anomaly character across Lake Vostok defines a crustal boundary. Depth to magnetic basement estimates image a 400-km-wide and more than 10-km-deep sedimentary basin west of the lake. Analysis of teleseismic earthquakes suggests a relatively thin crust beneath Lake Vostok consistent with predictions from kinematic and flexural gravity modelling. Magnetic, gravity, and subglacial topography data reveal a tectonic boundary within East Antarctica. Based on our kinematic and flexural gravity modelling, this tectonic boundary appears to be the result of thrust sheet emplacement onto an earlier passive continental margin. No data presently exist to date directly either the timing of passive margin formation or the subsequent shortening phase. The preserved thrust sheet thickness is related to the thickness of the passive margin crust. Because a significant amount of time is required to erode the thrust sheet topography, we suggest that these tectonic events are Proterozoic in age. Minor normal reactivation of the thrust sheet offers a simple mechanism to explain the formation of the Lake Vostok Basin. A low level of seismicity exists in the vicinity of this tectonic boundary. The existence of a crustal boundary in the Antarctic interior provides new constraints on the Proterozoic architecture of the East Antarctic craton.  相似文献   

Evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean as constrained by new palaeomagnetic data from the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone, Siberia     

Vadim A. Kravchinsky  Jean-Pascal Cogné  William P. Harbert   Mikhail I. Kuzmin 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(1):34-57

  相似文献   

Experimental Melting of Carbonated Peridotite at 6-10 GPa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Brey  Gerhard P.; Bulatov  Vadim K.; Girnis  Andrei V.; Lahaye  Yann 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(4):797-821

Partial melting of magnesite-bearing peridotites was studiedat 6–10 GPa and 1300–1700°C. Experiments wereperformed in a multianvil apparatus using natural mineral mixesas starting material placed into olivine containers and sealedin Pt capsules. Partial melts originated within the peridotitelayer, migrated outside the olivine container and formed poolsof quenched melts along the wall of the Pt capsule. This allowedthe analysis of even small melt fractions. Iron loss was nota problem, because the platinum near the olivine container becamesaturated in Fe as a result of the reaction Fe₂SiO₄^Ol = Fe^Fe–Ptalloy + FeSiO₃^Opx + O₂. This reaction led to a gradual increasein oxygen fugacity within the capsules as expressed, for example,in high Fe³⁺ in garnet. Carbonatitic to kimberlite-like meltswere obtained that coexist with olivine + orthopyroxene + garnet± clinopyroxene ± magnesite depending on P–Tconditions. Kinetic experiments and a comparison of the chemistryof phases occasionally grown within the melt pools with thosein the residual peridotite allowed us to conclude that the meltshad approached equilibrium with peridotite. Melts in equilibriumwith a magnesite-bearing garnet lherzolite are rich in CaO (20–25wt %) at all pressures and show rather low MgO and SiO₂ contents(20 and 10 wt %, respectively). Melts in equilibrium with amagnesite-bearing garnet harzburgite are richer in SiO₂ andMgO. The contents of these oxides increase with temperature,whereas the CaO content becomes lower. Melts from magnesite-freeexperiments are richer in SiO₂, but remain silicocarbonatitic.Partitioning of trace elements between melt and garnet was studiedin several experiments at 6 and 10 GPa. The melts are very richin incompatible elements, including large ion lithophile elements(LILE), Nb, Ta and light rare earth elements. Relative to theresidual peridotite, the melts show no significant depletionin high field strength elements over LILE. We conclude fromthe major and trace element characteristics of our experimentalmelts that primitive kimberlites cannot be a direct productof single-stage melting of an asthenospheric mantle. They rathermust be derived from a previously depleted and re-enriched mantleperidotite. KEY WORDS: multianvil; carbonatite melt; peridotite; kimberlite; element partitioning  相似文献   

Olivine in the Udachnaya-East Kimberlite (Yakutia, Russia): Types, Compositions and Origins   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Kamenetsky  Vadim S.; Kamenetsky  Maya B.; Sobolev  Alexander V.; Golovin  Alexander V.; Demouchy  Sylvie; Faure  Kevin; Sharygin  Victor V.; Kuzmin  Dmitry V. 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(4):823-839

Olivine is the principal mineral of kimberlite magmas, and isthe main contributor to the ultramafic composition of kimberliterocks. Olivine is partly or completely altered in common kimberlites,and thus unavailable for studies of the origin and evolutionof kimberlite magmas. The masking effects of alteration, commonin kimberlites worldwide, are overcome in this study of theexceptionally fresh diamondiferous kimberlites of the Udachnaya-Eastpipe from the Daldyn–Alakit province, Yakutia, northernSiberia. These serpentine-free kimberlites contain large amountsof olivine (50 vol.%) in a chloride–carbonate groundmass.Olivine is represented by two populations (olivine-I and groundmassolivine-II) differing in morphology, colour and grain size,and trapped mineral and melt inclusions. The large fragmentalolivine-I is compositionally variable in terms of major (Fo_85–94)and trace element concentrations, including H₂O content (10–136ppm). Multiple sources of olivine-I, such as convecting andlithospheric mantle, are suggested. The groundmass olivine-IIis recognized by smaller grain sizes and perfect crystallographicshapes that indicate crystallization during magma ascent andemplacement. However, a simple crystallization history for olivine-IIis complicated by complex zoning in terms of Fo values and traceelement contents. The cores of olivine-II are compositionallysimilar to olivine-I, which suggests a genetic link betweenthese two types of olivine. Olivine-I and olivine-II have oxygenisotope values (+ 5·6 ± 0·1 VSMOW, 1 SD)that are indistinguishable from one another, but higher thanvalues (+ 5·18 ± 0·28) in ‘typical’mantle olivine. These elevated values probably reflect equilibriumwith the Udachnaya carbonate melt at low temperatures and ¹⁸O-enrichedmantle source. The volumetrically significant rims of olivine-IIhave constant Fo values (89·0 ± 0·2 mol%),but variable trace element compositions. The uniform Fo compositionsof the rims imply an absence of fractionation of the melt'sFe²⁺/Mg, which is possible in the carbonatite melt–olivinesystem. The kimberlite melt is argued to have originated inthe mantle as a chloride–carbonate liquid, devoid of ‘ultramafic’or ‘basaltic’ aluminosilicate components, but becameolivine-laden and olivine-saturated by scavenging olivine crystalsfrom the pathway rocks and dissolving them en route to the surface.During emplacement the kimberlite magma changed progressivelytowards an original alkali-rich chloride–carbonate meltby extensively crystallizing groundmass olivine and gravitationalseparation of solids in the pipe. KEY WORDS: kimberlite; olivine; partial melting; carbonatitic melt; oxygen isotopes; H₂O  相似文献