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41.
The present work aims in discussing a principle that distinguishes between elastic parameters sets, $ \{ \Upphi \} \equiv \{ K_{0} , \, K^{\prime}, \, V_{0} ,\ldots\} The present work aims in discussing a principle that distinguishes between elastic parameters sets,
{ \Upphi } o { K0 , K¢, V0 ,?} \{ \Upphi \} \equiv \{ K_{0} , \, K^{\prime}, \, V_{0} ,\ldots\} , on the basis of an energetic criterion: once a reference set,
{ \UpphiR } \{ \Upphi_{R} \} , is given, another one can be fixed,
{ \Upphi min } \left\{ {\Upphi_{ \min } } \right\} , so that they are as close as possible to each other, but yield non-equivalent deformation energy curves
\Updelta G({ \Upphi } )\textdeform \Updelta G(\{ \Upphi \} )_{\text{deform}} , i.e. they give
\Updelta G({ \UpphiR } )\textdeform \Updelta G(\{ \Upphi_{R} \} )_{\text{deform}} and
\Updelta G({ \Upphi min } )\textdeform \Updelta G(\{ \Upphi_{ \min } \} )_{\text{deform}} such that
| \Updelta G({ \Upphi min } )\textdeform - \Updelta G({ \UpphiR } )\textdeform | 3 1×s[\Updelta G\textdeform ]. \left| {\Updelta G(\{ \Upphi_{ \min } \} )_{\text{deform}} - \Updelta G(\{ \Upphi_{R} \} )_{\text{deform}} } \right| \ge 1\times \sigma [\Updelta G_{\text{deform}} ]. ΔG
deform, calculated using the equation of state (EoS), and its uncertainty σ[ΔG
deform], obtained by a propagation of the errors affecting
{ \Upphi } \{ \Upphi \} are crucial to fix which mineral assemblage forms at P–T conditions and allow one to assess the reliability of such a prediction. We explore some properties related to the principle
introduced, using the average values of the elastic parameters found in literature and related uncertainties for di-octahedral
mica, olivine, garnet and clinopyroxene. Two elementary applications are briefly discussed: the effect of refining V
0 in fitting EoSs to P–V experimental data, in the case of garnet and omphacite, and the phengite 3T–2M
1 relative stability, controlled by pressure. 相似文献
42.
Ugo Chiocchini Fabio Castaldi Maurizio Barbieri Valeria Eulilli 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(6):1319-1341
The stratigraphic and structural setting of the Cimini Mountains and Viterbo area of Italy has been reconstructed. The architecture of the tectonic edifice, below the Pleistocene Cimino and Vicano volcanic districts cover, is characterized by the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tuscan Nappe and the similar Umbria-Marche Succession; both are capped by the overthrusted Ligurian Late Cretaceous–Eocene Tolfa Flysch. A shallow unconfined volcanic aquifer is separated, by a thick aquiclude, from the deep confined carbonate aquifer consisting of the Tuscan Nappe and the Umbria-Marche Succession. The volcanic aquifer hosts cold waters, whilst the carbonate aquifer hosts hot sulphate–alkaline earth waters that emerge in the thermal area of Viterbo with a temperature of 30–60°C. The recharge area of cold waters is located in the Cimini Mountains. Thermal waters of the Viterbo hot springs are derived from a circuit of waters that emerge along the River Nera near Narni (about 34 km ENE of Viterbo), with a high salinity, a temperature of 16–18°C, a sulphate–alkaline earth composition, and a discharge of 13 m3/sec, whose recharge area is located in the central pre-Apennines reliefs. 相似文献
43.
ABSTRACT Many structures produced under one single deformation regime, namely extensional, contractional or strike-slip, exhibit remarkable geometrical analogies when analysed at different scales. By contrast, field examples that illustrate the scale effects on structures resulting from superimposed deformations, which were produced under different tectonic regimes, are rare. Yet the change from contraction to extension is known to occur often in the most thickened portions of the continental crust. The Apennine–Maghrebide fold-and-thrust belt of Sicily shows many examples of post-orogenic extensional deformations. Composite structures, resulting from late normal faults that offset folds and thrusts, are observed at four different scales, from regional to mesoscopic, in the south-western portion of Sicily and in the adjacent Isle of Favignana. The recognized analogies in the geometry of these composite structures may provide a key for the interpretation of the features of regional structures, whose deep geometry is often poorly constrained. Moreover, comparison of normalized displacements accommodated by contractional and extensional faults of different scales indicates that self-similarity is not unique to structures produced under single tectonic regimes. 相似文献
44.
The Western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on earth. It is therefore important to analyze long-term trends and inter-annual patterns of change in major environmental parameters to understand the process underlying climate change in Western Antarctica. Since many polar long-term data series are fragmented and cannot be analysed with common time series analysis tools, we present statistical approaches that can deal with missing values. We applied U-statistics after Pettit and Buishand to detect abrupt changes, dynamic factor analysis to detect functional relationships, and additive modelling to detect patterns in time related to climatic cycles such as the Southern Annular Mode and El Niño Southern Oscillation in a long-term environmental data set from King George Island (WAP), covering 20 years. Our results not only reveal sudden changes for sea surface temperature and salinity, but also clear patterns in all investigated variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, suspended particulate matter and Chlorophyll a) that can directly be related to climatic cycles. Our results complement previous findings on climate related changes in the King George Island Region and provide insight into the environmental conditions and climatic drivers of system change in the study area. Hence, our statistical analyses may prove valuable for other polar environmental data sets and contribute to a better understanding of the regional variability of climate change and its impact on coastal systems. 相似文献
45.
Fasano Gianluca Nappa Valeria Özcebe Ali Güney Bilotta Emilio 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2021,19(10):3895-3931
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - The research presented herein was carried out in the framework of the H2020 LIQUEFACT project ( http://www.LIQUEFACT.eu/ ). This paper presents the results of a... 相似文献
46.
AbstractDetrital zircon populations from Carboniferous to Permian sandstones from the Lozar Section of Spiti, northern India, were analyzed with the typology method in order to obtain complementary information on the source areas of the sediments. Zircon grains were subdivided into several groups and subgroups, according to degree of abrasion and morphological features.First appearance of detrital zircons with distinct typologic signature within successive stratigraphic intervals provided useful data about the tectono-magmatic evolution of the northern Indian margin during Late Paleozoic rifting of Gondwana and initial opening of Neotethys. The base of the studied sequence (Lower Carboniferous Thabo Fm.) is characterized by a largely cratonic provenance, seemingly from the Indian Shield to the South. In the Upper Carboniferous Chichong Fm., first occurrence of typical zircons from anatectic granites and increasing abundance of granitoid detritus suggest rapid uplift and unroofing of anatectic rocks of probable Cambro-Ordovician age. In the lowermost Permian (Asselian) glaciomarine Ganmachidam Diamictite, euhedral detrital zircons with peculiar features, associated with Cr-rich chromian spinels and mafic to felsic volcanic rock fragments, hint at emplacement of bimodal alkaline magmatic suites. The same sources, possibly including subvolcanic bodies, continued to be eroded until final break-up, documented by the Permian Kuling Group. 相似文献
47.
48.
Leonardo M. Pichel Alex F. Antunes Haakon Fossen Barbara F. Rapozo Emma Finch Valeria C. Córdoba 《Basin Research》2023,35(1):61-85
The Rio do Peixe Basin is part of a series of aborted Cretaceous rifts formed within the Proterozoic Borborema Province, onshore NE Brazil in response to rifting between Africa and South America. The basin is remarkably well-imaged and comprises fault-bounded depocentres, the main ones being the NE-oriented Brejo das Freiras and the E–W-oriented Sousa half-grabens. These grabens and their bounding faults are influenced by Neoproterozoic basement shear zones and present a complex framework of secondary normal faults and folds. Recent workers also interpret large reverse faults and regional post-rift shortening driven by far-field stresses from the Andes. For those reasons, the basin represents an ideal setting to investigate the multiphase history of rift basins. We thus combine borehole-calibrated 2D and 3D seismic and magnetic data with section restoration and numerical modelling to investigate the architecture and evolution of this basin. We aim to understand: (i) the controls of the basement fabric in 3D fault architecture and kinematics and (ii) how syn-rift faults controlled the geometry and development of fault-related folds. By doing this, we also investigate the timing, kinematics, and magnitude of inversion in the basin to explore its multiphase history. We demonstrate that (i) the basement fabric controlled not only the strike of faults but also their geometry and polarity at depth, (ii) folds in the syn-rift sequence are attributed simply to syn-rift extension along stepped and/or curved faults, and (iii) inverted and/or reverse faults occur within the basin, but these are minor and appear to have formed during rifting. We explain this minor inversion by a change in plate kinematics related to the onset of the nearby transform margin to the north. These results have implications for understanding the 3D evolution of oblique grabens, the role of structural inheritance, and the recognition of inversion- versus extension-related folds in rift basins worldwide. 相似文献
49.
Effects of Compost Addition on Pyrene Removal from Soil Cultivated with Three Selected Plant Species
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of compost addition on the phytoremediation ability of Medicago sativa, Brassica napus, and Lolium perenne in soils contaminated with pyrene. Pyrene concentrations were evaluated after 90 days in contaminated uncultivated amended‐soil, cultivated amended‐soils, and shoots and roots of the three plant species. The addition of compost enhances significantly pyrene dissipation from 16 to 26% in uncultivated soil, whereas in cultivated soils it appears not to have any significant effect on pyrene dissipation, neither pyrene was detectable in shoots and roots of the three species examined. The high partition coefficient of pyrene to compost dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the molar absorptivity values at 280 nm (ε280) indicate a high affinity of pyrene to compost DOM molecules, likely due to their aromatic character. These results suggest that compost improves pyrene removal from soil, possibly by promoting its adsorption onto compost DOM. This property is very important in indicating that compost can be used, besides for its amendment capacity, also as a potential tool for remediation of contaminated soils. 相似文献
50.
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo Germain Esquivel-Hernández José L. Corrales-Salazar Laura Castro-Chacón Ana M. Durán-Quesada Manuel Guerrero-Hernández Valeria Delgado Javier Barberena Katia Montenegro-Rayo Heyddy Calderón Carlos Chevez Tania Peña-Paz Saúl García-Santos Pedro Ortiz-Roque Yaneth Alvarado-Callejas Laura Benegas Antonio Hernández-Antonio Marcela Matamoros-Ortega Lucia Ortega Stefan Terzer-Wassmuth 《水文研究》2020,34(11):2660-2675
Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus. Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources. This work combines stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water, and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates, spatial–temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation patterns, and surface water–groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions (W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched pulses during the mid-summer drought and the months of the strongest trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration, and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater recharge was characterized by (a) depleted recharge in highland areas (72.3%), (b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1%), and enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6%). Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m a.s.l. These results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus. 相似文献