The case for an international commission for the conservation and management of sharks (ICCMS)     

Andrew Herndon  Vincent F. Gallucci  Douglas DeMaster  William Burke 《Marine Policy》2010

The current rate of shark global exploitation and mortality is arguably so high under current management regimes that unless a renewed initiative is undertaken some species of shark will become effectively extinct. Current efforts to sustainably manage shark mortality are driven primarily by domestic laws in a few countries, big international non-governmental organizations (BINGOs) promoting environmental laws in the countries or regions where they exist, a handful of regional fisheries management organizations (e.g., IATTC and ICCAT), and inter-governmental organizations such as CITES. The absence of enforcement capability is often argued as the critical component in the failure to protect sharks from overexploitation. The remedy advanced here goes far beyond the need for stepped up enforcement, and calls for the creation of an entirely new international management regime, the International Commission for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (ICCMS). Such an agency could learn from the experiences of management bodies tasked with conservation of species biologically similar to sharks, such as the International Whaling Commission (IWC), to improve its efficacy. Critics have identified many organizational flaws that reduced the IWC’s effectiveness during its earliest years. Some of those flaws are examined here and remedies are suggested that an ICCMS could use to create a more effective management regime. The life histories of elasmobranches and large whales are compared to illustrate their similarities as a biological foundation for the selection of the IWC as a model.  相似文献   

加拿大一美国圣劳伦斯河：需要对大河生态系统水平上的了解     

Warwick F. Vincent  Julian J. Dodson 《湖泊科学》1998,10(S1):31-34

Throughout the course of civilization, large rivers have played a major role in transport, water supply and human waste disposal. The pressure on these resources has greatly intensified over this century, but our ecological understanding of this most important class of freshwater environments remains poorly developed.  相似文献   

High spatial resolution sampling of metals in the sediment and water column in Port Jefferson Harbor, New York     

Vincent T. Breslin  Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy 《Estuaries and Coasts》1999,22(3):669-680

Eighteen sediment samples and six water-column samples were collected in a small (6 km²), coastal embayment (Port Jefferson Harbor, New York) to define a high-resolution spatial distribution of metals and to elucidate sources of contaminants to the harbor. Sediment metal (Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) concentrations varied widely, reflecting differences in sediment grain size, with higher metal concentrations located in the fine-grained inner harbor sediments. Calculated enrichment factors for these sediments show that Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn are elevated relative to both crustal abundances and their respective abundances in sediments in central Long Island Sound. Metal concentrations were 1.2 to 10 fold greater in water from the inner harbor compared to water from Long Island Sound collected outside the mouth of the harbor. Spatial variations in trace metals in surface waters within the bay parallel the spatial variations of trace metals in sediments within the harbor. Elevated water-column metal concentrations appear to be partially derived from a combination of diagenetic remobilization from contaminated sediments (e.g., Ag) and anthropogenic sources (e.g., Cu and Zn) within the southern portions of the harbor. Although the National Status and Trends Program had reported previously that sediment metal concentrations in Port Jefferson Harbor were low, the results of this study show sediment metals have high spatial variability and are enriched in the inner harbor sediments at levels comparable to more urbanized western north shore Long Island harbors.  相似文献   

Observation Study on Precursory Geosound: Extraction of Nucleation Information in the Earthquake Preparation Process     

Zheng Zhizhen  Robert K. Vincent  Shen Ping  and Yang XuanhuiCenter for Seismic Data  Information  CSB  Beijing  China Bowling Green State University  Ohio -  USA Institute of Geophysics  CSB  Beijing  China 《中国地震研究》1999,(4)

In this paper, the observation networks of precursory geosound and observation instruments are introduced first. Then it is mentioned, in particular, that audible precursory geosound was instrumentally recorded for the first time. The following section discussed the relation between the geosound and earthquake. Finally, the Nucleation time in earthquake preparation process is discussed.  相似文献   

The Changing Role of Ordnance Survey International With Case Studies in Trinidad, Guyana and Albania     

N. G. Papps  G. N. Vincent  & D. Leslie 《The Photogrammetric Record》1999,16(93):383-398

This paper discusses the role of Ordnance Survey International as a division within Ordnance Survey and outlines the work currently being carried out world-wide. It identifies the commercial structure of the business and justifies the reasons for participation in overseas markets. The key business activities of Adviser to the United Kingdom Department for International Development, international relations, library services, training and consultancy are all described. In addition, three case studies are included to support the main text.  相似文献   

Statistical interpolation of ozone measurements from satellite data (TOMS, SBUV and SAGE II) using the kriging method     

B. J. S. Tranchant  A. P. Vincent 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(6):666-678

This study demonstrates that ordinary kriging in spherical coordinates using experimental semi-variograms provides highly usable results, especially near the pole in winter and/or where there could be data missing over large areas. In addition, kriging allows display of the spatial variability of daily ozone measurements at different pressure levels. Three satellite data sets were used: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data, Solar Backscattered UltraViolet (SBUV), and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) ozone profiles. Since SBUV is a nadir-viewing instrument, measurements are only taken along the sun-synchronous polar orbits of the satellite. SAGE II is a limb-viewing solar occultation instrument, and measurements have high vertical resolution but poor daily coverage. TOMS has wider coverage with equidistant distribution of data (resolution 1° × 1.25°) but provides no vertical information. Comparisons of the resulting SBUV-interpolated (column-integrated) ozone field with TOMS data are strongly in agreement, with a global correlation of close to 98%. Comparisons of SBUV-interpolated ozone profiles with daily SAGE II profiles are relatively good, and comparable to those found in the literature. The interpolated ozone layers at different pressure levels are shown.  相似文献   

INFORMATION THEORY AND SEQUENCES OF LAND USE: AN APPLICATION     

Vincent B. Robinson 《The Professional geographer》1978,30(2):174-179

This paper addresses the question of how far into the past previous land-use patterns provide significant information concerning present or future patterns. The provision of information is viewed as a reduction in uncertainty. An information-theoretic approach that permits both statistical and graphical analysis is suggested. Application of this method to the analysis of land-use change in three townships on the fringe of Akron, Ohio suggests that, to a varying degree, the processes of change are first-order Markov processes.  相似文献   

Late Aptian long‐lived glacio‐eustatic lowstand recorded on the Arabian Plate     

Florian Maurer  Frans S.P. van Buchem  Gregor P. Eberli  Bernard J. Pierson  Madeleine J. Raven  Poul‐Henrik Larsen  Moujahed I. Al‐Husseini  Benoit Vincent 《地学学报》2013,25(2):87-94

  相似文献   

Radio sources in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey – II. Local radio luminosity functions for AGN and star-forming galaxies at 1.4 GHz     

Elaine M. Sadler  Carole A. Jackson  Russell D. Cannon  Vincent J. McIntyre  Tara Murphy  Joss Bland-Hawthorn  Terry Bridges  Shaun Cole  Matthew Colless  Chris Collins  Warrick Couch  Gavin Dalton  Roberto De Propris  Simon P. Driver  George Efstathiou  Richard S. Ellis  Carlos S. Frenk  Karl Glazebrook  Ofer Lahav  Ian Lewis  Stuart Lumsden  Steve Maddox  Darren Madgwick  Peder Norberg  John A. Peacock  Bruce A. Peterson  Will Sutherland  Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,329(1):227-245

We have cross-matched the 1.4-GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) with the first 210 fields observed in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS), covering an effective area of 325 deg² (about 20 per cent of the final 2dFGRS area). This yields a set of optical spectra of 912 candidate NVSS counterparts, of which we identify 757 as genuine radio identifications – the largest and most homogeneous set of radio source spectra ever obtained. The 2dFGRS radio sources span the redshift range     to 0.438, and are a mixture of active galaxies (60 per cent) and star-forming galaxies (40 per cent). About 25 per cent of the 2dFGRS radio sources are spatially resolved by NVSS, and the sample includes three giant radio galaxies with projected linear size greater than 1 Mpc. The high quality of the 2dF spectra means we can usually distinguish unambiguously between AGN and star-forming galaxies. We make a new determination of the local radio luminosity function at 1.4 GHz for both active and star-forming galaxies, and derive a local star formation density of         .  相似文献   

Seismic resistance of precast concrete shear walls     

Vincent Caccese  Harry G. Harris 《地震工程与结构动力学》1987,15(6):661-677

The earthquake resistance of stacked precast concrete simple shear walls found typically in Large Panel buildings of the cross-wall type is studied. Physical model testing on a small shaking table facility and analytical techniques are compared. Results of the testing of four models to failure portrayed the non-linear effects of rocking and shear slip that were assumed in several analytical studies but were never before measured experimentally. The physical model studies are supplemented with an independent mathematical analysis using a modified version of the dynamic, non-linear computer code Drain 2–D. Correlation of the analytical and experimental results show that the computer study can be used to predict the overall shear wall response. Results of the small scale model and the mathematical model studies indicate that the simple shear wall behaves in a non-linear manner, even for low magnitudes of base acceleration. Non-linear effects, usually concentrated in only one or two joints, reduced force levels and increased displacements. The four small scale models that were tested withstood high magnitudes of base acceleration without collapse.  相似文献