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21.
Modeling distribution of temporal sampling errors in area-time-averaged rainfall estimates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, the authors examine models of probability distributions for sampling error in rainfall estimates obtained from discrete satellite sampling in time based on 5 years of 15-min radar rainfall data in the central United States. The sampling errors considered include all combinations of 3, 6, 12, or 24 h sampling of rainfall over 32, 64, 128, 256, or 512 km square domains, and 1, 5, or 30 day rainfall accumulations. Results of this study reveal that the sampling error distribution depends strongly on the rain rate; hence the conditional distribution of sampling error is more informative than its marginal distribution. The distribution of sampling error conditional on rain rate is strongly affected by the sampling interval. At sampling intervals of 3 or 6 h, the logistic distribution appears to fit the conditional sampling error quite well, while the shifted-gamma, shifted-weibull, shifted-lognormal, and normal distributions fit poorly. At sampling intervals of 12 or 24 h, the shifted-gamma, shifted-weibull, or shifted-lognormal distribution fit the conditional sampling error better than the logistics or normal distribution. These results are vital to understanding the accuracy of satellite rainfall products, for performing validation assessment of these products, and for analyzing the effects of rainfall-related errors in hydrological models. 相似文献
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23.
Szymon Gburek Janusz Sylwester Miroslaw Kowalinski Jaroslaw Bakala Zbigniew Kordylewski Piotr Podgorski Stefan Plocieniak Marek Siarkowski Barbara Sylwester Witold Trzebinski Sergey V. Kuzin Andrey A. Pertsov Yurij D. Kotov Frantisek Farnik Fabio Reale Kenneth J. H. Phillips 《Solar physics》2013,283(2):631-649
Solar Photometer in X-rays (SphinX) was a spectrophotometer developed to observe the Sun in soft X-rays. The instrument observed in the energy range ≈?1?–?15 keV with resolution ≈?0.4 keV. SphinX was flown on the Russian CORONAS–PHOTON satellite placed inside the TESIS EUV and X telescope assembly. The spacecraft launch took place on 30 January 2009 at 13:30 UT at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The SphinX experiment mission began a couple of weeks later on 20 February 2009 when the first telemetry dumps were received. The mission ended nine months later on 29 November 2009 when data transmission was terminated. SphinX provided an excellent set of observations during very low solar activity. This was indeed the period in which solar activity dropped to the lowest level observed in X-rays ever. The SphinX instrument design, construction, and operation principle are described. Information on SphinX data repositories, dissemination methods, format, and calibration is given together with general recommendations for data users. Scientific research areas in which SphinX data find application are reviewed. 相似文献
24.
ABSTRACTThis study assesses the sensitivity to model fitting methods and segment selection of the estimated parameters A and B of the model dQ/dt = ?AQB for individual events. We investigated about 750 recession events observed at 25 US Geological Survey gauges in the Iowa and Cedar river basins in the United States, with drainage areas ranging from 7 to 17 000 km2. The parameters of these recession events were estimated using three commonly adopted methods and recession segments with different extraction criteria. The results showed that the variations of the parameter estimates for the same recession event were comparable to the variations of parameters between different events due to using different model fitting methods and recession segments. This raises cautions for comparative analysis of individual recessions. The result also implies that the nonlinear direct fitting method is the most robust among the three model fitting methods compared.
EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz ASSOCIATE EDITOR T. Okruszko 相似文献
25.
Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes: Preliminary Results from the Polish-Norwegian Project 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Renata J. Romanowicz Ewa Bogdanowicz Sisay E. Debele Joanna Doroszkiewicz Hege Hisdal Deborah Lawrence Hadush K. Meresa Jaroslaw J. Napiórkowski Marzena Osuch Witold G. Strupczewski Donna Wilson Wai Kwok Wong 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(2):477-509
This paper presents the background, objectives, and preliminary outcomes from the first year of activities of the Polish–Norwegian project CHIHE (Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes). The project aims to estimate the influence of climate changes on extreme river flows (low and high) and to evaluate the impact on the frequency of occurrence of hydrological extremes. Eight “twinned” catchments in Poland and Norway serve as case studies. We present the procedures of the catchment selection applied in Norway and Poland and a database consisting of near-natural ten Polish and eight Norwegian catchments constructed for the purpose of climate impact assessment. Climate projections for selected catchments are described and compared with observations of temperature and precipitation available for the reference period. Future changes based on those projections are analysed and assessed for two periods, the near future (2021–2050) and the far-future (2071–2100). The results indicate increases in precipitation and temperature in the periods and regions studied both in Poland and Norway. 相似文献
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Modeling radar-rainfall estimation uncertainties using parametric and non-parametric approaches 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gabriele Villarini Francesco Serinaldi Witold F. Krajewski 《Advances in water resources》2008,31(12):1674-1686
There are large uncertainties associated with radar estimates of rainfall, including systematic errors as well as the random effects from several sources. This study focuses on the modeling of the systematic error component, which can be described mathematically in terms of a conditional expectation function. The authors present two different approaches: non-parametric (kernel-based) and parametric (copula-based). A large sample (more than six years) of rain gauge measurements from a dense network located in south-west England is used as an approximation of the true ground rainfall. These data are complemented with rainfall estimates by a C-band weather radar located at Wardon Hill, which is about 40 km from the catchment. The authors compare the results obtained using the parametric and non-parametric schemes for four temporal scales of hydrologic interest (5 and 15 min, hourly and three-hourly) by means of several different performance indices and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. 相似文献
28.
Maciej Pawlikowski Witold P. Alexandrowicz Ladislav Banesz Josef Hromada Janusz K. Kozlowski Krzysztof Sobczyk Barbara Kazior 《Geoarchaeology》1998,13(6):565-594
Moravany-Lopata, located in the complex of sites in the middle Vah basin, dates to the period immediately preceding the LGM. The authors use this site to demonstrate the usefulness of mineralogical, sedimentological, palaeomalacological, and anthropogenic criteria for the correlation of loess profiles. This analysis is especially concerned with sites in loess territories where the loess layers covering archaeological levels are not thick. Such sites occur frequently on the plateaus of the northern part of Central Europe, though they appear most notably in the areas in which the last loess cover, corresponding to the period after the last Pleniglacial and/or Late Glacial postloess sediments, is absent. The archaeological levels dated to before or directly after the LGM occur in the upper portion of the loess, overlain by the Holocene soil. The investigations at the Moravany-Lopata site have confirmed the usefulness of the anthropogenic indicators in the 0.1–1.0 mm fraction for the identification of occupation levels extending even beyond the area of occurrence of macrofinds and evident type structures. On this basis, a relationship could be established between two occupational levels and two ice-wedge generations in the period from 21.4 to 20 ky. Gravettian settlement in western Slovakia seems to have persisted up to the maximum of the LGM. Population groups representing the end of the shouldered points horizon (pointes à cran) appeared in western Slovakia in the intervals between the formation of large networks of ice wedges. The next settlement phase in that territory falls at about 18–17 ky B.P. This is the Epigravettian settlement, which is culturally unrelated to the shouldered points horizon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
29.
Supawit Yawsangratt Witold Szczuciński Niran Chaimanee Sirapapa Chatprasert Wojciech Majewski Stanis?aw Lorenc 《Natural Hazards》2012,63(1):151-163
The 2004 tsunami deposits and probable paleotsunami deposits were studied at the southern Kho Khao Island, on Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. The 2004 tsunami laid down about 8?cm of fining upward medium sand and locally about 40?cm of massive coarse sand with common mud clasts. The sediments were characterized by the presence of marine foraminiferal assemblage; however, already after 5?years many of carbonate foraminiferal tests were partly or completely dissolved. The probable paleotsunami deposits form layer about 1?m thick. It consists of massive very coarse sand with common big shells and mud clasts. Its composition suggests a marine origin and the presence of mud clasts, and similarity to the 2004 tsunami deposits suggests that the layer was left by paleotsunami, which took place probably during the late Holocene, even though two shells within the layer gave 14C ages of 40,000?years or more. 相似文献
30.
S. Gburek M. Siarkowski A. Kepa J. Sylwester M. Kowalinski J. Bakala P. Podgorski Z. Kordylewski S. Plocieniak B. Sylwester W. Trzebinski S. Kuzin 《Solar System Research》2011,45(2):182-187
Solar Photometer in X-rays (SphinX) is an instrument designed to observe the Sun in X-rays in the energy range 0.85–15.00 keV. SphinX is incorporated within the Russian TESIS X and EUV telescope complex aboard the CORONAS-Photon satellite which was launched on January 30, 2009 at 13:30 UT from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, northern Russia. Since February, 2009 SphinX has been measuring solar X-ray radiation nearly continuously. The principle of SphinX operation and the content of the instrument data archives is studied. Issues related to dissemination of SphinX calibration, data, repository mirrors locations, types of data and metadata are discussed. Variability of soft X-ray solar flux is studied using data collected by SphinX over entire mission duration. 相似文献