Environmental controls on phytoplankton community composition in the Thames plume, U.K.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Keith Weston  Naomi Greenwood  Liam Fernand  David J. Pearce  David B. Sivyer 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,60(4):246-254

The aim of this study was to investigate controls on the phytoplankton community composition and biogeochemistry of the estuarine plume zone of the River Thames, U.K. using an instrumented moored buoy for in situ measurements and preserved sample collection, and laboratory-based measurements from samples collected at the same site. Instrumentation on the moored buoy enabled high frequency measurements of a suite of environmental variables including in situ chlorophyll, water-column integrated irradiance, macronutrients throughout an annual cycle for 2001 e.g. nitrate and silicate, and phytoplankton biomass and species composition. The Thames plume region acts as a conduit for fluvial nutrients into the wider southern North Sea with typical winter concentrations of 45 μM nitrate, 17 μM silicate and 2 μM phosphate measured. The spring bloom resulted from water-column integrated irradiance increasing above 60 W h m^− 2 d^− 1 and was initially dominated by a diatom bloom mainly composed of Nitzschia sp. and Odontella sinesis. The spring bloom then switched after  30 days to become dominated by the flagellate Phaeocystis reaching a maximum chlorophyll concentration of 37.8 μg L^− 1. During the spring bloom there were high numbers of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodinium spirale and Katodinium glaucum that potentially grazed the phytoplankton bloom. This diatom–flagellate switch was predicted to be due to a combination of further increasing water-column integrated irradiance > 100 W h m^− 2 d^− 1 and/or silicate reaching potentially limiting concentrations (< 1 μM). Post spring bloom, diatom dominance of the lower continuous summer phytoplankton biomass occurred despite the low silicate concentrations (Av. 0.7 μM from June–August). Summer diatom dominance, generally due to Guinardia delicatula, was expected to be as a result of microzooplankton grazing, dominated by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans, controlling 0.7–5.0 μm ‘flagellate’ fraction of the phytoplankton community with grazing rates up to 178% of ‘flagellate’ growth rate. The Thames plume region was therefore shown to be an active region of nutrient and phytoplankton processing and transport to the southern North Sea. The use of a combination of moorings and ship-based sampling was essential in understanding the factors influencing nutrient transport, phytoplankton biomass and species composition in this shelf sea plume region.  相似文献   

Representation of Uncertainty and Integration of PGIS-based Grazing Intensity Maps Using Evidential Belief Functions     

Jane Bemigisha  John Carranza  rew K. Skidmore  Mike McCall  Chiara Polce  Herbert H.T. Prins 《Transactions in GIS》2009,13(3):273-293

In a project to classify livestock grazing intensity using participatory geographic information systems (PGIS), we encountered the problem of how to synthesize PGIS-based maps of livestock grazing intensity that were prepared separately by local experts. We investigated the utility of evidential belief functions (EBFs) and Dempster's rule of combination to represent classification uncertainty and integrate the PGIS-based grazing intensity maps. These maps were used as individual sets of evidence in the application of EBFs to evaluate the proposition that " This area or pixel belongs to the high, medium, or low grazing intensity class because the local expert(s) says (say) so ". The class-area-weighted averages of EBFs based on each of the PGIS-based maps show that the lowest degree of classification uncertainty is associated with maps in which "vegetation species" was used as the mapping criterion. This criterion, together with local landscape attributes of livestock use may be considered as an appropriate standard measure for grazing intensity. The maps of integrated EBFs of grazing intensity show that classification uncertainty is high when the local experts apply at least two mapping criteria together. This study demonstrates the usefulness of EBFs to represent classification uncertainty and the possibility to use the EBF values in identifying and using criteria for PGIS-based mapping of livestock grazing intensity.  相似文献   

Phase equilibria modelling constraints on P–T conditions during fluid catalysed conversion of granulite to eclogite in the Bergen Arcs,Norway          下载免费PDF全文

K. Bhowany  M. Hand  C. Clark  D. E. Kelsey  S. M. Reddy  M. A. Pearce  N. M. Tucker  L. J. Morrissey 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2018,36(3):315-342

Exhumed eclogitic crust is rare and exposures that preserve both protoliths and altered domains are limited around the world. Nominally anhydrous Neoproterozoic anorthositic granulites exposed on the island of Holsnøy, in the Bergen Arcs in western Norway, preserve different stages of progressive prograde deformation, together with the corresponding fluid‐assisted metamorphism, which record the conversion to eclogite during the Ordovician–Silurian Caledonian Orogeny. Four stages of deformation can be identified: (1) brittle deformation resulting in the formation of fractures and the generation of pseudotachylites in the granulite; (2) development of mesoscale shear zones associated with increased fluid–rock interaction; (3) the complete large‐scale replacement of granulite by hydrous eclogite with blocks of granulite sitting in an eclogitic “matrix”; and (4) the break‐up of completely eclogitized granulite by continued fluid influx, resulting in the formation of coarse‐grained phengite‐dominated mineral assemblages. P–T constraints derived from phase equilibria forward modelling of mineral assemblages of the early and later stages of the conversion to eclogite document burial and partial exhumation path with peak metamorphic conditions of ~21–22 kbar and 670–690°C. The P–T models, in combination with existing T–t constraints, imply that the Lindås Nappe underwent extremely rapid retrogressive pressure change. Fluid infiltration began on the prograde burial path and continued throughout the recorded P–T evolution, implying a fluid source that underwent progressive dehydration during subduction of the granulites. However, in places limited fluid availability on the prograde path resulted in assemblages largely consuming the available fluid, essentially freezing in snapshots of the prograde evolution. These were carried metastably deeper into the mantle with strain and metamorphic recrystallization partitioned into areas where ongoing fluid infiltration was concentrated.  相似文献   

Observations of the supernova SN1987L with the new Faint Object Spectrograph on the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope     

Gillian Pearce  Bruce Patchett  Jeremy Allington-Smith  Ian Parry 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1988,150(2):267-271

We present the spectrum of the supernova SN1987L in NGC 2336 over the wavelength range 4000–9700 Å as recorded in one 500 s exposure on 20–21 October, 1987. This spectrum was taken using the new Faint Object Spectrograph on the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos.We conclude that SN1987L was a type Ia supernova, and approximately 100 days post maximum at the time of the observation.  相似文献   

Dark energy and dark matter haloes     

Michael Kuhlen  Louis E. Strigari  rew R. Zentner  James S. Bullock †  Joel R. Primack 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(1):387-400

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Visibility Analysis with the Multiscale Implicit TIN   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David B. Kidner  rew J. Sparkes  Mark I. Dorey  J. Mark Ware  & Christopher B. Jones 《Transactions in GIS》2001,5(1):19-37

Visibility analysis is now a key function of many geographical information systems. It is also one of the most contentious tools, as it is notoriously prone to error. The paper will demonstrate the versatility of the Multiscale Implicit Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) for the application of intervisibility analysis at multiple resolutions. This approach allows for the integration of three-dimensional (3D) topographic features with the terrain surface. The multiscale TINs are derived from generalising digital contours at a variety of lateral tolerances. The models' performances are evaluated from an extensive field study undertaken in the South Wales valleys. Results suggest that the accuracy of intervisibility analysis is very dependent upon the availability of good quality 3D topographic data. In our study, such data were shown to improve visibility performance by more than 44% over its bare-earth TIN equivalent. Interestingly, generalisation of the TINs had very little effect on visibility performance. In addition, a Monte Carlo approach to sensitivity analysis was found to be detrimental to the accuracy of visibility prediction in the full terrain and topographic models. However, this probable approach can improve intervisibility performance by up to 18% on a bare-earth TIN. The range of these visibility modelling scenarios demonstrate the flexibility of the Multiscale Implicit TIN for digital surface modelling.  相似文献   

A Compilation of New and Published Major and Trace Element Data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 Glass Reference Materials   总被引：37，自引：0，他引：37  

Nicholas J.G. Pearce  William T. Perkins  John A. Westgate  Michael P. Gorton  Simon E. Jackson  Clive R. Neal  Simon P. Chenery 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1997,21(1):115-144

Microanalytical trace element techniques (such as ion probe or laser ablation ICP-MS) are hampered by a lack of well characterized, homogeneous standards. Two silicate glass reference materials produced by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612, have been shown to be homogeneous and are spiked with up to sixty one trace elements at nominal concentrations of 500 μg g-1 and 50 μg g-1 respectively. These samples (supplied as 3 mm wafers) are equivalent to NIST SRM 611 and NIST SRM 613 respectively (which are supplied as 1 mm wafers) and are becoming more widely used as potential microanalytical reference materials. NIST however, only certifies up to eight elements in these glasses. Here we have compiled concentration data from approximately sixty published works for both glasses, and have produced new analyses from our laboratories. Compilations are presented for the matrix composition of these glasses and for fifty eight trace elements. The trace element data includes all available new and published data, and summaries present the overall average and standard deviation, the range, median, geometric mean and a preferred average (which excludes all data outside ± one standard deviation of the overall average). For the elements which have been certified, there is a good agreement between the compiled averages and the NIST data. This compilation is designed to provide useful new working values for these reference materials.  相似文献   

Primary cumulus platinum minerals in the Monts de Cristal Complex,Gabon: magmatic microenvironments inferred from high-definition X-ray fluorescence microscopy     

Stephen J. Barnes  Louise A. Fisher  Bélinda Godel  Mark A. Pearce  Wolfgang D. Maier  David Paterson  Daryl L. Howard  Christopher G. Ryan  Jamie S. Laird 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,171(3):23

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Evald Rudolfovich Mustel     

G. Pearce  A. J. Mayes 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,155(1):vi-1

In Memoriam

Evald Rudolfovich Mustel1911–1988  相似文献   

The baryon fraction of ΛCDM haloes     

Robert A. Crain  Vincent R. Eke  Carlos S. Frenk  Adrian Jenkins  Ian G. McCarthy  Julio F. Navarro  Frazer R. Pearce 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,377(1):41-49

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