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961.
Initial dissolution kinetics at orthoclase (001) and (010) cleavage surfaces were measured for ∼2 to 7 monolayers as a function of temperature using in situ X-ray reflectivity. The sensitivity of X-ray reflectivity to probe mineral dissolution is discussed, including the applicability of this approach for different dissolution processes and the range of dissolution rates (∼10−12 to 10−6 mol/m2/sec) that can be measured. Measurements were performed at pH 12.9 for the (001) surface and at pH 1.1 for the (001) and (010) surfaces at temperatures between 46 and 83°C. Dissolution at pH 12.9 showed a temperature-invariant process with an apparent activation energy of 65 ± 7 kJ/mol for the (001) cleavage surface consistent with previous powder dissolution results. Dissolution at pH 1.1 of the (001) and (010) surfaces revealed a similar process for both surfaces, with apparent activation energies of 87 ± 7 and 41 ± 7 kJ/mol, respectively, but with systematic differences in the dissolution process as a function of temperature. Longer-term measurements (five monolayers) show that the initial rates reported here at acidic pH are greater than steady-state rates by a factor of 2. Apparent activation energies at acidic pH differ substantially from powder dissolution results for K-feldspar; the present results bracket the value derived from powder dissolution measurements. The difference in apparent activation energies for the (001) and (010) faces at pH 1.1 reveals an anisotropy in dissolution kinetics that depends strongly on temperature. Our results imply a projected ∼25-fold change in the ratio of dissolution rates for the (001) and (010) surfaces between 25 and 90°C. The dissolution rate of the (001) surface is higher than that of the (010) surface above 51°C and is projected to be lower below this temperature. These results indicate clearly that the kinetics and energetics of orthoclase dissolution at acidic pH depend on crystal orientation. This dependence may reflect the different manifestation of the Al-Si ordering between the T1 and T2 tetrahedral sites at these two crystal faces and can be rationalized in terms of recent theoretical models of mineral dissolution. 相似文献
962.
—Reflectivity synthetic seismograms demonstrate that the type, layering and orientation of 1-D anisotropy influences strongly the coda of teleseismic P waves at periods T > 1 sec, particularly P-SH converted waves. We assume the simplest form of anisotropy described by an elastic tensor with a symmetry axis ? of arbitrary orientation. The resulting phase velocities vary as cos 2ξ with respect to that axis. Using three families of simple crustal models, we compare the effects of an anisotropic surface layer with reverberations caused by both "thick" and "thin" layers of anisotropy at depth. If anisotropy in the surface layer is significant, the polarization of direct P can be distorted to generate a transverse component, followed by Ps and a prominent shear reverberation converted from direct P at the free surface. If the anisotropic layer is buried, the first, and often the most prominent, arrival on the transverse component is the P-to-SH conversion at its upper surface. If the anisotropic layer is sufficiently thin, P-to-SH conversions from its boundaries interfere to form a derivative pulse shape on the transverse component, which could be mistaken as the signature of shear-wave splitting. If ? is horizontal, compressional (P) and shear (S) anisotropy both produce similar waveform perturbations with four-lobed azimuthal patterns, suggesting that a weighted stack of P coda from different back-azimuths would improve signal-to-noise. For ? tilted between the horizontal and vertical, however, the effects of P- and S-anisotropy differ greatly. The influence of P-anisotropy on P-to-S conversion is greatest for a symmetry axis tilted at 45° to the vertical, where its azimuthal pattern has two lobes, rather than four. Combinations of P- and S-anisotropy typically lead to a composite azimuthal dependence in the P-coda reverberations. 相似文献
963.
中国中生代的两栖类化石十分稀少,已报道的有尾两栖类仅见产于河北丰宁县凤山炮樟沟晚侏罗世的东方塘螈(Laccotriton subsolanus)、凤山中华螈(Sinerpeton fengshanensis)、辽宁葫芦岛市水口子早白垩世的钟健辽西螈(Liaoxitriton zhongjiani)、内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区中侏罗世的天义初螈(Chunerpeton tianyiensis)和奇异热河螈(Jeholotriton paradoxus),以及辽西早白垩世热河生物群中的无尾两栖类葛氏辽蟾(Liaobatrachus grabaui)、三燕丽蟾(Callobatrachus sanyanensis)北票中蟾(Mesophryne beipiaoensis)。本文记述了一件采自内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区中侏罗世的蝌蚪化石,这在中国乃至亚洲尚属首次报道,不仅填补了中国中侏罗世无尾两栖类化石分布的空白,而且进一步丰富了燕辽生物群的内容,对早期蛙类的地理分布、形态发生、生存环境等研究具有重要的科学价值。 相似文献
964.
965.
966.
Comparing shear-wave velocity profiles inverted from multichannel surface wave with borehole measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jianghai Xia Richard D. Miller Choon B. Park James A. Hunter James B. Harris Julian Ivanov 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3)
Recent field tests illustrate the accuracy and consistency of calculating near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). S-wave velocity profiles (S-wave velocity vs. depth) derived from MASW compared favorably to direct borehole measurements at sites in Kansas, British Columbia, and Wyoming. Effects of changing the total number of recording channels, sampling interval, source offset, and receiver spacing on the inverted S-wave velocity were studied at a test site in Lawrence, Kansas. On the average, the difference between MASW calculated Vs and borehole measured Vs in eight wells along the Fraser River in Vancouver, Canada was less than 15%. One of the eight wells was a blind test well with the calculated overall difference between MASW and borehole measurements less than 9%. No systematic differences were observed in derived Vs values from any of the eight test sites. Surface wave analysis performed on surface data from Wyoming provided S-wave velocities in near-surface materials. Velocity profiles from MASW were confirmed by measurements based on suspension log analysis. 相似文献
967.
968.
Orientation of framboidal pyrite in shale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ordered framboids from Devonian Chattanooga Shale (U.S.A.) and Rammelsberg Banderz (Germany) show a common orientation in any one sample. This observation was made using a stereographic method of reconstruction in which the lineations within the framboids were measured on each of three planes cut mutually at right angles from the rock samples. The explanation for this preferred orientation is not yet known, but it may originate from crystal-growth during compaction of the shales.
Zusammenfassung Pyrit-Himbeeren aus dem devonischen Chattanooga Shale (U.S.A.) und vom Rammelsberg Banderz zeigen bevorzugte Orientierungen ihrer inneren Struktur (Figure I) gegenüber der Sedimentschichtung. Diese Beobachtungen sind in stereographischen Projektionen aufgezeichnet. Der Vorgang der Orientierung mag auf die Kristallisation der Pyrit-Netzwerke während der Diagenese zurückzuführen sein.相似文献
969.
Gyesoon Park Seokhoon Oh Heuisoon Lee Jung-Ho Kim Byung-Doo Kwon 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,73(3):232-242
To enhance the spatial resolution, two types of complementary integration methods were developed using gravity and magnetotelluric (MT) data. The first method involves the enhancement processing of gravity vertical resolution using MT data. This is called a layer density correction (LDC) process which makes the density distribution more sensitive to geologic structure. The second method involves the spatial expansion processing of MT data using the enhanced gravity data. In this process, non-linear indicator transformation (NLIT) and simple kriging with varying local means (SKlm) methods were employed. The assumptions are that while the results are analyzed by different physical properties, each method senses the same underlying geologic structure and thus there is a relationship among the physical properties. The proposed geostatistical integration methods were tested using synthetic models and field data. The experiment illustrates that the integration method proposed in this study can provide improved structures. The method integrates constructively the gravity information having a wider spatial distribution and the MT information having higher vertical resolution. 相似文献
970.