Spatial differences in macroinvertebrate communities in intertidal seagrass habitats and unvegetated sediment in three New Zealand estuaries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K.?S.?S.?van?Houte-Howes  S.?J.?Turner  C.?A.?PilditchEmail author 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(6):945-957

This study investigated macroinvertebrate community composition in seagrass beds at a range of spatial scales, with an emphasis on the transition between vegetated and unvegetated sediment. At four intertidal sites in three New Zealand estuaries (Whangamata, Wharekawa, and Whangapoua Harbours), a large continuous bed of seagrass (Zostera capricorni) was selected with adjacent unvegetated sediment. Macroinvertebrate community composition and biomass, as well as sediment characteristics, were determined at sampling locations 1 and 50 m inside seagrass beds, and 1, 10, and 50 m outside seagrass beds. Analysis of univariate measures of community composition (total abundance, number of species, and diversity) and total biomass indicated significant differences among sites and sampling locations, but contrary to many previous studies these measures were not higher inside than outside the seagrass beds. Multivariate analysis indicated that sites with high seagrass biomass supported a similar community composition. The remaining sampling locations were clustered by site, but there were also significant differences in community composition among sampling locations within a site. There were distinctive communities at the edge of seagrass beds at sites with high seagrass biomass, and evidence that the effects of seagrass beds may extend into the unvegetated sediment. At the low seagrass biomass site there was no evidence of any edge effects, although community composition differed inside and outside the bed. Differences in community composition were driven primarily by small changes in the relative abundance of the dominant taxa. At high seagrass biomass sites the absence of deep-burrowing polychaetes and low numbers of bivalves suggests that one possible mechanism underlying the observed variation in community composition was inhibition by the dense root-rhizome mat. The results of this study emphasize the need to consider the linkages between habitats in heterogeneous estuarine landscapes and how those linkages vary among sites, if the structure and functioning of macroinvertebrate communities in seagrass habitats are to be understood.  相似文献   

An Intelligent Method for Structural Reliability Analysis Based on Response Surface   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

桂劲松刘红  康海贵 《中国海洋工程》2004,18(4):653-661

As water depth increases, the structural safety and reliability of a system become more and more important and challenging. Therefore, the structural reliability method must be applied in ocean engineering design such as offshore platform design. If the performance function is known in structural reliability analysis, the first-order second-moment method is often used. If the performance function could not be definitely expressed, the response surface method is always used because it has a very clear train of thought and simple progranuning. However, the traditional response surface method fits the response surface of quadratic polynomials where the problem of accuracy could not be solved, because the true limit state surface can be fitted well only in the area near the checking point. In this paper, an intelligent computing method based on the whole response surface is proposed, which can be used for the situation where the performance function could not be definitely expressed in structural reliability analysis. In this method, a response surface of the fuzzy noural network for the whole area should be constructed first, and then the structural reliability can be calculated by the genetic algorithm. In the proposed method, all the sample points for the training network come from the whole area, so the true limit state surface in the whole area can be fitted. Through calculational examples and comparative analysis, it can be known that the proposed method is much better than the traditional response surface method of quadratic polynomials, because, the amount of calculation of finite element analysis is largely reduced, the accuracy of calculation is improved, and the true limit state surface can be fitted very well in the whole area. So, the method proposed in this paper is suitable for engineering application.  相似文献   

A Finite Element Method for Cracked Components of Structures     

刘立名  段梦兰  秦太验  刘玉标  柳春图  余建星 《中国海洋工程》2003,17(2)

1 .IntroductionOffshoreplatformsarelargescalesteelorconcretestructures.Theyexperiencevariouskindsofdamagessuchasdents ,corrosionpits ,cracks ,deformation ,etc .,afteryearsofenvironmentalimpactofwinds ,waves ,currents ,soilreactions ,earthquakesandice (DuanandLiu ,1 995) .Thesafetyofthestructureshasalwaysbeenthemostimportantissueconcerned ,anditdependsontheassessmentoftheintegrityofthestructures,orspecificallyontheassessmentofthedamagesinthestructures .Riclesetal.( 1 994)experimentallyinvestig…  相似文献   

    

Lo?c Cahierre 《Journal of Geodesy》1948,22(3):251-263

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Shifts in climate suitability for wine production as a result of climate change in a temperate climate wine region of Romania     

Liviu?Mihai?Irimia  Cristian?Valeriu?PatricheEmail author  Hervé?Quenol  Lucian?Sf?c?  Chris?Foss 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,131(3-4):1069-1081

Climate change is causing important shifts in the suitability of regions for wine production. Fine scale mapping of these shifts helps us to understand the evolution of vineyard climates, and to find solutions through viticultural adaptation. The aim of this study is to identify and map the structural and spatial shifts that occurred in the climatic suitability for wine production of the Cotnari wine growing region (Romania) between 1961 and 2013. Discontinuities in trends of temperature were identified, and the averages and trends of 13 climatic parameters for the 1961 to 1980 and 1981 to 2013 time periods were analysed. Using the averages of these climatic parameters, climate suitability for wine production was calculated at a resolution of 30 m and mapped for each time period, and the changes analysed. The results indicate shifts in the area’s historic climatic profile, due to an increase of heliothermal resources and precipitation constancy. The area’s climate suitability for wine production was modified by the loss of climate suitability for white table wines, sparkling wines and wine for distillates; shifts in suitability to higher altitudes by about 67 m, and a 48.6% decrease in the area suitable for quality white wines; and the occurrence of suitable climates for red wines at lower altitudes. The study showed that climate suitability for wine production has a multi-level spatial structure, with classes requiring a cooler climate being located at a higher altitude than those requiring a warmer climate. Climate change has therefore resulted in the shift of climate suitability classes for wine production to higher altitudes.  相似文献   

Experimental Researches on Reflective and Transmitting Performances of Quarter Circular Breakwater Under Regular and Irregular Waves     

史艳娇  吴米玲  蒋学炼  李炎保 《中国海洋工程》2011,(3)

A series of regular and irregular wave experiments are conducted to study the reflective and transmitting performances of quarter circular breakwater (QCB) in comparison with those of semi-circular breakwater (SCB). Based on regular wave tests, the reflection and transmission characteristics of QCB are analyzed and a few influencing factors are investigated. Then, the wave energy dissipation as wave passing over the breakwater is discussed based on the hydraulic coefficients of QCB and SCB. In irregular wav...  相似文献   

潜江凹陷北部潜江组油气分布不均一性及控制因素     

吴娟  叶加仁  康建云  梅加洛 《地质科技情报》2012,(6):141-146

通过对潜江凹陷北部潜江组已探明石油储量构成和分布特征的系统分析,总结出油气分布的不均一性及其控制因素。潜江凹陷北部潜江组不同层位、不同区带油气分布差异性明显,具有纵向分隔、横向分散等显著特征。油气的不均一性分布主要受控于3种地质因素:①膏盐韵律发育导致油气纵向分隔,膏盐岩极高的排驱压力有效地限制了流体的垂向运移,油气以侧向运移为主;②成熟烃源岩控制油气富集程度,油气纵向富集程度主要受成熟烃源岩层位的控制,蚌湖向斜带主力生烃灶控制了油气在平面上的富集;③输导条件控制油气的运移方式和纵横向分布范围,高渗砂体的侧向输导能力控制了断层不发育地区油气聚集的规模与平面分布范围,断层的垂向输导作用导致了主干断层发育地区油气在纵向上呈多层系分布。  相似文献   

Performance of D-bolts Under Static Loading   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Charlie?C.?LiEmail author 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(2):183-192

D-bolt is a type of energy-absorbing rock bolt. It is made of a smooth steel bar with anchors spaced along the bolt length. A typical section between adjacent anchors is approximately 1-m long, but it can be adjusted to adapt to the rock conditions. The bolt is fully encapsulated with either cement or resin grout in a borehole. The anchors are firmly fixed into the grout, while the smooth bolt sections can freely deform to absorb deformation energy. Full-scale static pull tests were carried out at different testing facilities in two laboratories. The tests show that a smooth bolt section between anchors may elongate by 110–167 mm depending on the section length. Field trials of the D-bolt were conducted in deep metal mines. The measurements showed that the D-bolts were equally loaded within every anchor-between section, avoiding load peaks and premature bolt failure due to stress concentrations caused by fracture/joint opening. The field trials of rebar and D-bolts in a largely deformed mine tunnel showed that the D-bolts behaved satisfactorily, with only a few failed bolts, while a number of the rebar bolts failed at the thread.  相似文献   

Isotopic evidence for interaction between Öræfajökull mantle and the Eastern Rift Zone,Iceland     

Christina?J.?ManningEmail author  Matthew?F.?Thirlwall 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,167(1):959

The off-rift central volcano of Öræfajökull has very distinctive EM1-like isotopic compositions compared with other Icelandic lavas. New Pb–Nd–Sr isotopic data from Öræfajökull show strong correlations interpreted as a result of mixing. End-members are a depleted mantle source incorporating 0.5 % subduction-processed sediment and a mantle source with an isotopic signature similar to lavas of the Reykjanes Peninsula. Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic correlations of Icelandic Eastern Rift Zone (ERZ) lavas are almost completely distinct from those of the Reykjanes Peninsula and the Western Rift Zone (WRZ) and require a high-²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, low-¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd end-member that resembles Öræfajökull compositions, which is very distinct from the enriched end-members suggested for the Reykjanes Peninsula and the WRZ. Given the similar depth and degree of melting at rift zones, variation in the observed enriched end-members between rift zones must indicate spatial variations in enriched mantle sources within the shallow mantle under Iceland rather than purely mixing of melts from a bi-lithological mantle. This is consistent with observations that the ERZ lavas erupted closest to Öræfajökull exhibit the most Öræfajökull-like isotopic compositions, implying that a homogenised Öræfajökull source with positive ?²⁰⁷Pb is focused under the Öræfajökull centre and its associated flank zone. This then mixes laterally with the dominant negative-?²⁰⁷Pb ERZ mantle source. Like Reykjanes Peninsula and WRZ lavas, the ERZ mantle source has strongly negative Δ²⁰⁷Pb and low K/Nb (<170), and these provide evidence for a recycled oceanic crust contribution. The range in ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb in mantle sources with negative Δ²⁰⁷Pb was probably generated by heterogeneity in ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">μ in the recycled oceanic crust, which is the dominant source of incompatible elements in Icelandic lavas.  相似文献   

Growth of magnesio-aluminate spinel in thin-film geometry: in situ monitoring using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic model     

L.?C.?G?tzeEmail author  R.?Abart  R.?Milke  S.?Schorr  I.?Zizak  R.?Dohmen  R.?Wirth 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(9):681-693

Polycrystalline spinel layers were grown experimentally at the contacts between single-crystal corundum substrates and initially amorphous, then polycrystalline MgO thin films. The growth behavior of the spinel layers was monitored in situ using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The change in the integrated intensity of the 111 spinel Bragg peak was correlated with the thickness of the layer as determined from ex situ TEM characterization of the run products. At class="InlineEquation" id="IEq1">\(900\,^{\circ }\hbox {C},\) a transition from linear growth, corresponding to interface reaction control, to parabolic growth, corresponding to diffusion control, occurred at a layer thickness of less than 10 nm. At 1,000 class="InlineEquation" id="IEq2">\(^{\circ }\hbox {C},\) growth was largely linear up to a layer thickness in excess of 300 nm. A thermodynamic model was applied to extract the kinetic parameters characterizing interface motion and long-range diffusion from this growth behavior.  相似文献