The problem of selecting the optimum operating frequency of a scatterometer, used for remote sensing of sea surface wind speed
has been addressed by applying the criteria of maximum sensitivity of backscattering coefficient to wind speed as well as
its correlation with wind speed. The backscattering coefficient values for sea surface were computed by the two-scale scattering
theory. To compute the atmospheric transmittance, 753 clear sky atmospheres over Indian Ocean were used. While the correlation
coefficient was uniform (0.94) throughout the frequency range of 1 to 30GHz, only frequencies above 5GHz were found sensitive
enough to yield a wind speed accuracy of ±2msec−1 and better, the accuracy improving with frequency. 相似文献
The paper deals with the relationship between the sea surface wind speed (U) and the backscattering coefficient (σ0) for microwave frequencies and quasi specular range of angles. Valenzuela’s effective reflection coefficient based on the theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves from rought dielectric surfaces has been introduced in the expression of backscattering coefficient and the final result compared with the σ0-U relationship derived fromSEASAT scatterometer and concurrent sea truth data. 相似文献
Raniganj and Jharia regions together have been for long the single largest coal supplier in India, now contributing about a quarter of the total output in the country. Numerous reasons such as improper mining techniques and policy, as well as unauthorized mining caused surface and subsurface coalfires in these areas. These coalfires burn millions of tonnes of valuable coal resources, creating severe environmental problems and posing enormous operational difficulties of mining. After first use of remote sensing as a tool to identify coalfires in 1960s, with the time, the efficiency of remote sensing to identify and monitoring coalfires has been well established by several researchers. With the knowledge of local geological setting and density sliced surface temperature image the spatial distribution of coalfires can be revealed. The present paper makes an attempt to identify temperature anomalies of the Raniganj coalbelt to locate the spatial distribution of coalfires. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal band data was used to calculate surface temperature along with NDVI (normalized vegetation index) derived emissivity. 相似文献
Sand-Bentonite mixtures are used in landfill liner application in appropriate proportions. However, effort has been made to replace the sand by some waste materials like fly ash without compromising the required properties for liner construction. In recent years, many studies were carried out to determine the suitability of different fly ashes for using with bentonite based on different geotechnical parameters. On the other hand, limited studies were found in determining the unsaturated characteristics i.e. Water Retention Characteristics Curve (WRCC) of fly ash-bentonite mixes. The determination of WRCC in case of bentonite is very complexed compared to other types of clay soil due to its high shrinkage and swelling characteristics upon drying and wetting. In this study, a combined shrinkage and suction measurement was carried out in fly ash-bentonite mixes to accurately represent the WRCC under drying condition only. The shrinkage measurement was carried out using balloon method and suction measurement was carried out with the help of WP4 dew point potentiameter device. Both the shrinkage and suction results were finally used to obtain the WRCC for the different mixes. Further, the study on the variability of WRCCs for the different mixes indicates that WRCC can be represented by a generalized plot with 20% variation.
Role of equatorial forcing on the thermocline variability in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during positive and negative phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was investigated using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulations during 1988 to 2015. Two numerical experiments were carried out for (i) the Indian Ocean Model (IOM) with interannual open boundary conditions and (ii) the BoB Model (BoBM) with climatological boundary conditions. The first mode of Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) variability showed a west-east dipole nature in both IOM and altimetry observations around 11°N, which was absent in the BoBM. The vertical section of temperature along the same latitude showed a sharp subsurface temperature dipole with a core at ~ 100 m depth. The positive (negative) subsurface temperature anomalies were observed over the whole northeastern BoB during NIOD (PIOD) and LN (EN) composites due to stronger (weaker) second downwelling Kelvin Waves. During the negative phases of IOD and ENSO, the cyclonic eddy on the southwestern BoB strengthened due to intensified southward coastal current along the western BoB and local wind stress. The subsurface temperature dipole was at its peak during October–December (OND) with 1-month lag from IOD and was evident from the Argo observations and other reanalysis datasets as well. A new BoB dipole index (BDI) was defined as the normalized difference of 100-m temperature anomaly and found to be closely related to the frequency of cyclones and the surface chlorophyll-a concentration in the BoB.
The present study proposes a novel and simplified methodology to assess the seismic bearing capacity(SBC) of a shallow strip footing by incorporating strength non-linearity arising due to partial saturation of a soil matrix. Furthermore, developed methodology incorporates the modal response analysis of soil layers to assess SBC. A constant matric suction distribution profile has been considered throughout the depth of the soil. The Van Genuchten equation and corresponding fitting parameters have... 相似文献
The biochemical composition of red seaweeds, Catenella repens was investigated in this present study along with subsequent analysis of relevant physico-chemical variables. In this study,
the relationship between the nutritive components of this species and the ambient environmental parameters was established.
Protein content varied from 2.78 ± 0.30% of dry weight (stn.3) to 16.03 ± 0.96% of dry weight (stn.1) with highest values
during monsoon. The protein levels were positively correlated with dissolved nitrate content and negatively correlated with
water temperature (except stn.3) and salinity. Carbohydrate content of this species varied significantly (p < 0.05) during pre-monsoon between stations and the values showed positive relationship with salinity and surface water temperature.
In contrast to carbohydrate, lipid concentration was lowest in values and varied very slightly between seasons and stations.
Astaxanthin content of the seaweed species was greater in pre-monsoon than monsoon and post-monsoon in all the selected stations.
Compared with the three seasons, samples of red seaweed collected in pre-monsoon has high carbohydrate-astaxanthin in contrast
to protein-lipid which showed high values during monsoon. Statistical analysis computed among the environmental and biochemical
parameters suggests the potential role played by the abiotic parameters on biosynthetic pathways of seaweed. This paper also
highlights the influence of the nutritional quality of water that can be used for mass cultivation of Catenella repens. 相似文献
The widespread retreat of glaciers can be considered as a response to the climate change. Being the largest retreating glacier–ice
shelf system in East Antarctica, the Amery Ice Shelf–Lambert Glacier system plays an important role in contributing to sea
level rise as well as the surrounding environment and climate. The present study is focused on the investigation of surface
melting over the ice shelf using QuikSCAT Ku-band scatterometer data for more than 100 months covering the period from January
2000 to July 2009. The corresponding weather data of Davis Station was obtained from the website of Australian Antarctic Division.
Very prominent dips in the backscatter observed in the month of January form a distinct signature caused by physical process
of significant melting of the ice/snow surface. The steep increase again in February is attributed to the initiation of the
freezing phenomenon. The derived melting index compared well with the passive microwave-based melting index derived by other
researchers. A strong relationship was found between the scatterometer-derived melting index and the cumulative monthly mean
air temperature. The highest melting was observed in the summer (January) of 2004, and thereafter gradual cooling appeared
to take place in the subsequent years. The snow pack thickness, inferred from the backscatter variations, was found to be
higher during winters (June) of 2004 and 2005, compared with other years. 相似文献
