Exploring the policy and social factors fueling the expansion and shift of sugarcane production in the Brazilian Cerrado     

Gabriel Granco  Marcellus Marques Caldas  Jason Scott Bergtold  Ana Claudia Sant’Anna 《GeoJournal》2017,82(1):63-80

Within the past decade, the sugarcane ethanol industry in Brazil has increased its production capacity to meet rising domestic demand for ethanol. However, to achieve this growth the industry has had to expand into new frontiers in the Brazilian Cerrado, specifically in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul, which is now the second largest producing area of ethanol in Brazil. We argue that the expansion into the Brazilian Cerrado is a result of the interactions between the increase in demand, governmental policies, infrastructure, and factors that have prevented traditional sugarcane producing regions from meeting the increasing demand for ethanol. This paper analyzes the policies that have shaped the sugarcane industry in Brazil and the expansion of the industry across the country. The policies and issues examined include those that led to the concentration and consolidation of the sugarcane industry in the state of São Paulo and the consequences of this consolidation; the influence of governmental policies on the decision-making process of producers and industry; the state-level policies designed to expand the industry into Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul states; infrastructure development; and the Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning policies. Through this study we conclude that the ethanol industry identified the Cerrado states as an opportunity for investment, given the good agricultural conditions for producing sugarcane, affordable land prices and favorable state-level fiscal incentive policies. In addition, there is a need for further regional development policies as the interaction between the sugarcane sector and regional government is likely to continue into the future.  相似文献   

Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru     

Ana C. Londoo 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):13-25

Earthworks of assumed age and their initial and current morphologies provide an ideal basis for developing and testing models for long-term landform erosion. Inca agricultural terraces abandoned at  1532 A.D in the drylands of southern Peru may be used to document morphological changes since the abandonment. The objective of this research is to determine the erosion pattern and process to estimate the erosion rate.The development of rills and channels on the Inca agricultural terraces is evidence for erosion by wash processes on slopes where the anchoring effect of vegetation is absent and loose material is available for removal. The pattern and amount of erosion from 1532–2005 A.D. is estimated by comparing elevation models of the observed morphology and reconstructed models of the original morphology of the Inca terraces. The results show that in areas of sediment accumulation surface elevation increased up to 0.5 m. Elevation lowering on the terrace treads was 0.7 m at maximum, and a temporally and spatially averaged lowering rate was 0.094 mm yr^− 1. This gives insights about how the rate of erosion occurs on currently disturbed lands in arid environments where soil resources are scarce and lands are prone to desertification.  相似文献   

Flood response to rainfall variability during the last 2000 years inferred from the Taravilla Lake record (Central Iberian Range, Spain)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ana Moreno  Blas L. Valero-Garcés  Penélope González-Sampériz  Mayte Rico 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(3):943-961

A sedimentological, geochemical and palynological study of the Taravilla Lake sequence (Central Iberian Range, NE Spain) provides a detailed record of allochthonous terrigenous layers that intercalate within the lacustrine sediments over the last 2000 years. These terrigenous layers are interpreted as the result of extreme hydrological events that caused higher clastic input to the basin. Anthropogenic influence caused by fires or deforestation is rejected as the main factor generating these layers because human impact, inferred from the pollen reconstruction, was minimal when the terrigenous layers reached their greatest frequency. The reconstructed occurrence of these events in the Taravilla Lake record is coherent with the paleoflood history of the Tagus River, characterized by a notable increase of extreme events at the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The Taravilla record suggests a relationship between the occurrence of extreme hydrological events, solar variability, and the North Atlantic Oscillation for the NE Iberian Peninsula.  相似文献   

The Origin of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide in Jupiter's Stratosphere     

E. LellouchB. Bézard  J.I. MosesG.R. Davis  P. DrossartH. Feuchtgruber  E.A. BerginR. Moreno  T. Encrenaz 《Icarus》2002,159(1):112-131

Observations of H₂O rotational lines from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) and of the CO₂ ν₂ band by ISO are analyzed jointly to determine the origin of water vapor and carbon dioxide in Jupiter's stratosphere. Simultaneous modelling of ISO/LWS and ISO/SWS observations acquired in 1997 indicates that most of the stratospheric jovian water is restricted to pressures less than 0.5±0.2 mbar, with a disk-averaged column density of (2.0±0.5)×10¹⁵ cm⁻². Disk-resolved observations of CO₂ by ISO/SWS reveal latitudinal variations of the CO₂ abundance, with a decrease of at least a factor of 7 from mid-southern to mid-northern latitudes, and a disk-center column density of (3.4±0.7)×10¹⁴ cm⁻². These results strongly suggest that the observed H₂O and CO₂ primarily result from the production, at midsouthern latitudes, of oxygenated material in the form of CO and H₂O by the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) impacts in July 1994 and subsequent chemical and transport evolution, rather than from a permanent interplanetary dust particle or satellite source. This conclusion is supported by quantitative evolution model calculations. Given the characteristic vertical mixing times in Jupiter's stratosphere, material deposited at ∼0.1 mbar by the SL9 impacts is indeed expected to diffuse down to the ∼0.5 mbar level after 3 years. A coupled chemical-horizontal transport model indicates that the stability of water vapor against photolysis and conversion to CO₂ is maintained over typically ∼50 years by the decrease of the local CO mixing ratio associated with horizontal spreading. A model with an initial (i.e., SL9-produced) H₂O/CO mass mixing ratio of 0.07, not inconsistent with immediate post-impact observations, matches the observed H₂O abunda nce and CO₂ horizontal distribution 3 years after the impacts. In contrast, the production of CO₂ from SL9-produced CO and a water component deriving from an interplanetary dust component is insufficient to account for the observed CO₂ amounts. The observations can further be used to place a stringent upper limit (8×10⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹) on the permanent water influx into Jupiter. This may indicate that the much larger flux observed at Saturn derives dominantly from a ring source, or that the ablation of micrometeoroids leads dominantly to different species at Saturn (H₂O) and Jupiter (CO). Finally, the SWAS H₂O spectra do not appear fully consistent with the ISO data and should be confirmed by future ODIN and Herschel observations.  相似文献   

Exact linearization of non-planar intermediary orbits in the satellite theory     

José Manuel Ferrándiz  Ana Fernández-Ferreiros 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1991,52(1):1-12

In this paper we consider the reduction of the equations of motion for non-planar perturbed two body problems into linear form. It is seen that this can be easily accomplished for any element of the class of radial intermediaries to the satellite problem proposed by Deprit in 1981, since they have a functional dependence suitable for linearization. The transformation is worked out by using an adequate set of redundant variables. Four harmonic oscillators are obtained, of which two are coupled through gyroscopic terms. Their constant frequencies contain the secular contribution of the main problem of artificial satellite theory up to the order of the considered intermediary. Therefore, this result may well be interesting in relation to the study and prediction of accurate long-term solutions to satellite problems.  相似文献   

Shear-induced folding in Arsia Mons aureole: Evidence for low-latitude martian glaciations     

Francisco Anguita  Fernando Moreno 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1992,59(1):11-22

Folds up to 50 km across have been identified on Arsia Mons aureole. Tharsis Province, Mars. The structures, located on Mars for the first time, are close to Aganippe Fossa and other huge faults which have behaved as left-lateral shear zones and then as extensional features. A tectonic scheme is proposed to explain the folds as shear-induced structures. Folding reveals a layered sequence in the aureole, and that is taken as a definitive evidence for its deposition by ice.If at least some of the Tharsis volcanoes aureoles are basal moraines, their study is critical, as they could contain a record of Mars paleoclimatic fluctuations. Martian past frozen lakes or oceans have been proposed, and some sediments found on the northern plains could have been deposited on the bottom of those basins. If this is so, those formations should be layered sequences and could also bear the traces of tectonic stresses, detectable as folds on Viking imagery. Correlation of these two kinds of evidence seems a promising line to tackle the Martian paleoclimatic problem.  相似文献   

Observation of solar wind heavy ions     

M. B. Cattaneo  V. Formisano  G. Moreno  F. Palmiotto  F. Palutan  P. Saraceno 《Solar physics》1971,17(2):468-472

Plasma experiment on board of the ESRO satellite HEOS-1 observed heavy ions with energy per unit charge 2.5 and 4 times higher than protons. Observations refer to the driving piston of the interplanetary shock occurred on 31 March 1970.  相似文献   

Comments on paper ‘the solar wind cycle,the sunspot cycle and the corona’ by J. Hirshberg     

L. Diodato  G. Moreno 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1974,28(1):L7-L10

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The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) onboard the European Mars Express mission     

V. Formisano  F. Angrilli  S. Atreya  D. Biondi  M.I. Blecka  L. Colangeli  F. Esposito  M. Giuranna  V. Gnedykh  G. Hansen  I. Khatuntsev  N. Ignatiev  A. Jurewicz  J. Lopez Moreno  A. Mattana  E. Mencarelli  V. Moroz  F. Nespoli  R. Orfei  V. Orofino  D. Patsaev  M. Rataj  J. Rodriguez  B. Saggin  L. Zasova 《Planetary and Space Science》2005,53(10):963-974

The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the Mars Express mission is an infrared spectrometer optimised for atmospheric studies. This instrument has a short wave (SW) channel that covers the spectral range from 1700 to (1.2-) and a long-wave (LW) channel that covers 250- (5.5-). Both channels have a uniform spectral resolution of . The instrument field of view FOV is about 1.6^° (FWHM) for the Short Wavelength channel (SW) and 2.8^° (FWHM) for the Long Wavelength channel (LW) which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 7 and 12 km when Mars is observed from an height of 250  km. PFS can provide unique data necessary to improve our knowledge not only of the atmosphere properties but also about mineralogical composition of the surface and the surface-atmosphere interaction.The SW channel uses a PbSe detector cooled to 200-220 K while the LW channel is based on a pyroelectric (L_iT_aO₃) detector working at room temperature. The intensity of the interferogram is measured every 150 nm of physical mirrors displacement, corresponding to 600 nm optical path difference, by using a laser diode monochromatic light interferogram (a sine wave), whose zero crossings control the double pendulum motion. PFS works primarily around the pericentre of the orbit, only occasionally observing Mars from large distances. Each measurements take 4 s, with a repetition time of 8.5 s. By working roughly 0.6 h around pericentre, a total of 330 measurements per orbit will be acquired 270 looking at Mars and 60 for calibrations. PFS is able to take measurements at all local times, facilitating the retrieval of surface temperatures and atmospheric vertical temperature profiles on both the day and the night side.  相似文献   

Potassic and low- and high-Ti mildly alkaline volcanism in the Neoproterozoic Ramada Plateau, southernmost Brazil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carlos Augusto Sommer  Evandro Fernandes de Lima  Lauro Valentim Stoll Nardi  Ana Maria Graciano Figueiredo  Ronaldo Pierosan 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2005,18(3-4):237-254

Ramada Plateau Neoproterozoic volcanism represents a portion of the shoshonitic and mildly alkaline magmatism related to postcollisional events of the Brasiliano/Pan African cycle of southernmost Brazil. It is constituted by shoshonitic basic-intermediate lavas, followed by a bimodal sequence characterized by pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hypabyssal rocks with ages of 549±5 Ma. The shoshonitic magmatism presents greater K₂O than Na₂O₂, K₂O/Na₂O ratios close to 1, and moderate large ion lithophile and high-field strength element contents. The bimodal basic-acid volcanism presents a transitional chemical affinity with features of sodic, silica-saturated alkaline to continental tholeiitic series. Observed basic and acid rocks with contrasting Ti contents are referred to as high- and low-Ti basalt-rhyolites. Another group of acid rocks with higher Nb, Ta, and Rb values was identified as high-Nb rhyolites. The Ramada Plateau magmatism is comparable to associations related to the final stages of orogenic cycles, in which shoshonitic and high- and low-Ti alkaline magmatism reflects the melting of subduction-modified sources, whereas the high-Nb magmas show less influence of subduction-related metasomatism and are closer to magmas produced from anorogenic sources. A model of magma generation in collisional settings involving slab break-off and asthenospheric upwelling is applied to the evolution of magmatism from subduction-related to anorogenic in the Ramada Plateau.  相似文献