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101.
102.
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is a large (around 18,000 km2) and shallow (few meters deep) lagoon located east of the Caspian Sea. Its water surface was several meters to several dozens cm lower than in the Caspian Sea, so water flows from the Caspian Sea through a narrow strait into the bay, where it evaporates. Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world; its water salinity amounts to 270–300 g/l. Different kinds of salts available in this natural evaporative basin has been used commercially since at least the 1920s. In March 1980, in order to decelerate a continuous fall of the Caspian Sea level, which in 1977 was the lowest over the last 400 years (?29 m), the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Strait was dammed. In response to this human intervention, the bay had already dried up completely by November 1983. In 1992, the dam was destroyed, and Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay had been filling up with the Caspian Sea water at a rate of about 1.7 m/year up to 1996 as observed by the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry mission. Since then, Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay level evolution with characteristic seasonal and interannual oscillations has been similar to that of the Caspian Sea. Physical and chemical evolution of the bay in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is traced in detail in the paper. 相似文献
103.
Turbulent measurements in the stable atmospheric boundary layer during SHEBA: ten years after 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Andrey A. Grachev Edgar L. Andreas Christopher W. Fairall Peter S. Guest P. Ola G. Persson 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):142-166
This paper surveys results of the comprehensive turbulent measurements in the stable boundary layer (SBL) made over the Arctic
pack ice during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) in the Beaufort Gyre from October 1997 through
September 1998. Turbulent fluxes and mean meteorological data were continuously measured and reported hourly at five levels
on a 20-m main SHEBA tower. Eleven months of measurements during SHEBA cover a wide range of stability conditions, from the
weakly unstable regime to very stable stratification, and allow studying the SBL in detail.
A brief overview of the SBL regimes, the flux-profile relationships, the turbulent Prandtl number, and other parameters obtained
during SHEBA is given. The traditional Monin—Obukhov approach, z-less scaling, and gradient-based scaling are evaluated and discussed based on the data from SHEBA. 相似文献
104.
GPS Solutions - Helical antennas have been developed that feature a cutoff pattern and are suitable for practical positioning at millimeter level. The antennas are in the form of a tube with... 相似文献
105.
Andrey B. Shmakin 《Global and Planetary Change》1998,19(1-4)
The parameterization scheme SPONSOR (Semi-distributed ParameterizatiON Scheme of the ORography-induced hydrology) participating in PILPS (Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes) experiments since 1993 is described in more detail than before, taking into account a range of recent modifications. Improvement of the scheme in several aspects (e.g., soil water movement) resulted in significantly improved results for the Cabauw site (used for PILPS (2a) experiments). Then, parameterization of cold seasons/regions processes (water phase transformations within soil and snow cover) was developed for PILPS (2d) experiments carried out with Valdai data. Testing of the scheme against the data of Kolyma water balance station shows that it is able to reproduce the main features of heat and water exchange at the land surface in the permafrost zone quite satisfactorily. It was found that the scheme results are rather sensitive to the soil heat conductivity, especially in the cold seasons. The original method for the calculation of this parameter was developed using a square root function. The surface temperature and dates of crossing the 0°C temperature threshold for Kolyma station were reproduced with satisfactory accuracy. The temporal variation of the deep soil layers' temperatures was modelled satisfactorily too, but the seasonal amplitude of deep soil temperatures was overestimated by the scheme. This disadvantage can possibly be improved by inclusion of vertical inhomogeneity of soil thermal and hydraulic properties in the model. 相似文献
106.
Xu Liang Eric F. Wood Dennis P. Lettenmaier Dag Lohmann Aaron Boone Sam Chang Fei Chen Yongjiu Dai Carl Desborough Robert E. Dickinson Qingyun Duan Michael Ek Yeugeniy M. Gusev Florence Habets Parviz Irannejad Randy Koster Kenneth E. Mitchell Olga N. Nasonova Joel Noilhan John Schaake Adam Schlosser Yaping Shao Andrey B. Shmakin Diana Verseghy Kirsten Warrach Peter Wetzel Yongkang Xue Zong-Liang Yang Qing-cun Zeng 《Global and Planetary Change》1998,19(1-4)
The energy components of sixteen Soil-Vegetation Atmospheric Transfer (SVAT) schemes were analyzed and intercompared using 10 years of surface meteorological and radiative forcing data from the Red-Arkansas River basin in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Comparisons of simulated surface energy fluxes among models showed that the net radiation and surface temperature generally had the best agreement among the schemes. On an average (annual and monthly) basis, the estimated latent heat fluxes agreed (to within approximate estimation errors) with the latent heat fluxes derived from a radiosonde-based atmospheric budget method for slightly more than half of the schemes. The sensible heat fluxes had larger differences among the schemes than did the latent heat fluxes, and the model-simulated ground heat fluxes had large variations among the schemes. The spatial patterns of the model-computed net radiation and surface temperature were generally similar among the schemes, and appear reasonable and consistent with observations of related variables, such as surface air temperature. The spatial mean patterns of latent and sensible heat fluxes were less similar than for net radiation, and the spatial patterns of the ground heat flux vary greatly among the 16 schemes. Generally, there is less similarity among the models in the temporal (interannual) variability of surface fluxes and temperature than there is in the mean fields, even for schemes with similar mean fields. 相似文献
107.
Grachev Andrey A. Krishnamurthy Raghavendra Fernando Harindra J. S. Fairall Christopher W. Bardoel Stef L. Wang Sen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2021,181(2-3):395-422
Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Measurements of atmospheric turbulence at a site in Ferryland (Newfoundland) during the C-FOG (Coastal-Fog) field campaign in September–October 2018 are used to... 相似文献
108.
Transient simulation of the last glacial inception. Part I: glacial inception as a bifurcation in the climate system 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Reinhard Calov Andrey Ganopolski Martin Claussen Vladimir Petoukhov Ralf Greve 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(6):545-561
We study the mechanisms of glacial inception by using the Earth system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-2, which
encompasses dynamic modules of the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and ice sheets. Ice-sheet dynamics are described by the three-dimensional
polythermal ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. We have performed transient experiments starting at the Eemiam interglacial, at 126 ky
BP (126,000 years before present). The model runs for 26 kyr with time-dependent orbital and CO2 forcings. The model simulates a rapid expansion of the area covered by inland ice in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly
over Northern America, starting at about 117 kyr BP. During the next 7 kyr, the ice volume grows gradually in the model at
a rate which corresponds to a change in sea level of 10 m per millennium. We have shown that the simulated glacial inception
represents a bifurcation transition in the climate system from an interglacial to a glacial state caused by the strong snow-albedo
feedback. This transition occurs when summer insolation at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere drops below a threshold
value, which is only slightly lower than modern summer insolation. By performing long-term equilibrium runs, we find that
for the present-day orbital parameters at least two different equilibrium states of the climate system exist—the glacial and
the interglacial; however, for the low summer insolation corresponding to 115 kyr BP, we find only one, glacial, equilibrium
state, while for the high summer insolation corresponding to 126 kyr BP only an interglacial state exists in the model.
相似文献
Reinhard CalovEmail: |
109.
Andrey?Pleskachevsky Gerhard?GayerEmail author Jochen?Horstmann Wolfgang?Rosenthal 《Ocean Dynamics》2005,55(1):2-9
Monitoring and modeling of the distribution of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is an important task, especially in coastal environments. Several SPM models have been developed for the North Sea. However, due to waves in shallow water and strong tidal currents in the southern part of the North Sea, this is still a challenging task. In general there is a lack of measurements to determine initial distributions of SPM in the bottom sediment and essential model parameters, e.g., appropriate exchange coefficients. In many satellite-borne ocean color images of the North Sea a plume is visible, which is caused by the scattering of light at SPM in the upper ocean layer. The intensity and length of the plume depends on the wave and current climate. It is well known that the SPM plume is especially obvious shortly after strong storm events. In this paper a quasi-3-D and a 3-D SPM transport model are presented. Utilizing the synergy of satellite-borne ocean color data with numerical models, the vertical exchange coefficients due to currents and waves are derived. This results in models that for the first time are able to reproduce the temporal and spatial evolution of the plume intensity. The SPM models consist of several modules to compute ocean dynamics, the vertical and horizontal exchange of SPM in the water column, and exchange processes with the seabed such as erosion, sedimentation, and resuspension. In the bottom layer, bioturbation via benthos and diffusion processes is taken into account.Responsible Editor: Jörg-Olaf Wolff 相似文献
110.
We investigated long-term variations of the differential rotation of the solar large-scale magnetic field on 1024 H charts in the latitude zones from +45° to -45° in the period 1915–1990. We used the expansion in terms of Walsh functions. It turns out that the rotation of the Sun becomes more rigid than average during the cycle maximum and the rotation is more differential during minimum. From 1915 to 1990, 7 bands of faster- and 7 bands of slower-than-average rotation are revealed showing an 11-year period. These bands drift towards the equator: 45° in 2.5 to 8 years. The time span of the bands varies from 4 to 6.8 years and is in anti-phase with long-term solar activity. The latitude span of the bands of torsional oscillations varies from 0.5 R
to 1.3 R
and shows a long-term variation of about 55 years. The poloidal component of velocity, V
varies from 2 ms -1 to 6 ms -1. The maximum rate of the equatorial drift occurs in the period between 1935 and 1955 and it develops prior to the highest maximum activity. At the modern epoch from 1965 to 1985, V
does not exceed 3 ms -1, but now it has a tendency to increase. The bands of slower-than-average rotation correspond to the evolution of the magnetic activity towards the equator in the butterfly diagram. 相似文献