Potential pollution risk in natural environment of golf courses: an example from Rusovce (Slovakia)     

David Krčmář  Marian Marschalko  Işık Yilmaz  Anna Patschová  Katarína Chalupková  Tibor Kovács 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(10):4075-4084

The objective of the article presented herein is to highlight the specific issue of the protection of water sources in the vicinity of golf courses. Currently we have experienced the construction of a large number of golf courses, which are often found in areas where the protection of natural groundwater resources is needed. In this article, limit conditions are specified, which could be used in construction of other golf courses in the world, where there is a potential threat of contamination of groundwater resources. The issue is demonstrated on a case study in the area of a water resource, Rusovce. A major concern of golf courses is the fact that in an apparently clean environment of these anthropogenic structures contamination occurs, resulting from the maintenance, and the current legislation does not address this specific group of areas. These are particularly dangerous substances derived from fertilizer and turf protection, in particular the use of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, acaricides, e.g. nematocides, and related products, such as growth regulators used for plant protection). The results of the modelling at the water source, Rusovce, show that the combination of negative factors (for example, the groundwater table level close to the surface along with extremely high precipitation totals or the areas flooding and the lack of a golf course bedrock sealing) the limit value of 0.100 μg/l of pesticides concentration in groundwater was exceeded up to 0.880 μg/l. Similarly, such excess may occur in the case of an emergency situation (for example, the spilling of the barrel with the pesticide), where the concentration of pesticides in groundwater may be increased up to 0.874 μg/l in standard conditions (without flooding with an average depth of groundwater table level beneath the terrain). But even under a standard level of security for the establishment and operation of a golf course and standard procedures for the maintenance of the lawn, the concentration of pesticides in the wells reached 0.0001 μg/l.  相似文献   

Exploring the policy and social factors fueling the expansion and shift of sugarcane production in the Brazilian Cerrado     

Gabriel Granco  Marcellus Marques Caldas  Jason Scott Bergtold  Ana Claudia Sant’Anna 《GeoJournal》2017,82(1):63-80

Within the past decade, the sugarcane ethanol industry in Brazil has increased its production capacity to meet rising domestic demand for ethanol. However, to achieve this growth the industry has had to expand into new frontiers in the Brazilian Cerrado, specifically in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul, which is now the second largest producing area of ethanol in Brazil. We argue that the expansion into the Brazilian Cerrado is a result of the interactions between the increase in demand, governmental policies, infrastructure, and factors that have prevented traditional sugarcane producing regions from meeting the increasing demand for ethanol. This paper analyzes the policies that have shaped the sugarcane industry in Brazil and the expansion of the industry across the country. The policies and issues examined include those that led to the concentration and consolidation of the sugarcane industry in the state of São Paulo and the consequences of this consolidation; the influence of governmental policies on the decision-making process of producers and industry; the state-level policies designed to expand the industry into Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul states; infrastructure development; and the Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning policies. Through this study we conclude that the ethanol industry identified the Cerrado states as an opportunity for investment, given the good agricultural conditions for producing sugarcane, affordable land prices and favorable state-level fiscal incentive policies. In addition, there is a need for further regional development policies as the interaction between the sugarcane sector and regional government is likely to continue into the future.  相似文献   

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the Suio hydrothermal area (central Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michele Saroli  Michele Lancia  Matteo Albano  Anna Casale  Gaspare Giovinco  Marco Petitta  Francesco Zarlenga  Marco dell’Isola 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(6):1811-1832

A hydrogeological conceptual model has been developed that describes the hydrothermal system of Suio Terme (central Italy). The studied area is located along the peri-Tyrrhenian zone of the central Apennines, between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic carbonate platform sequences of the Aurunci Mountains and the volcanic sequences of the Roccamonfina. A multi-disciplinary approach was followed, using new hydrogeological surveys, the interpretation of stratigraphic logs of boreholes and water wells, and geophysical data—seismic sections, shear-wave velocity (Vs) crustal model and gravimetric model. The collected information allowed for construction of a conceptual hydrogeological model and characterization of the hydrothermal system. The Suio hydrothermal system is strongly influenced by the Eastern Aurunci hydrostructure. Along the southeastern side, the top of the hydrostructure sinks to ?1,000 m relative to sea level via a series of normal faults which give origin to the Garigliano graben. Geological and hydrogeological data strongly suggest the propagation and mixing of hot fluids, with cold waters coming from the shallow karst circuit. The aquitard distribution, the normal tectonic displacements and the fracturing of the karst hydrostructure strongly influence the hydrothermal basin. Carbon dioxide and other gasses play a key role in the whole circuit, facilitating the development of the hydrothermal system. The current level of knowledge suggests that the origin of the Suio hydrothermalism is the result of interaction between the carbonate reservoir of the Eastern Aurunci Mountains and the hot and deep crust of this peri-Tyrrhenian sector, where the Roccamonfina volcano represents the shallowest expression.  相似文献   

Challenges for creating a site-specific groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010     

Katherine J. Knierim  Anna M. Nottmeier  Scott Worland  Drew A. Westerman  Brian R. Clark 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(6):1779-1793

Hydrologic budgets to determine groundwater availability are important tools for water-resource managers. One challenging component for developing hydrologic budgets is quantifying water use through time because historical and site-specific water-use data can be sparse or poorly documented. This research developed a groundwater-use record for the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (central USA) from 1900 to 2010 that related county-level aggregated water-use data to site-specific well locations and aquifer units. A simple population-based linear model, constrained to 0 million liters per day in 1900, provided the best means to extrapolate groundwater-withdrawal rates pre-1950s when there was a paucity of water-use data. To disaggregate county-level data to individual wells across a regional aquifer system, a programmatic hierarchical process was developed, based on the level of confidence that a well pumped groundwater for a specific use during a specific year. Statistical models tested on a subset of the best-available site-specific water-use data provided a mechanism to bracket historic groundwater use, such that groundwater-withdrawal rates ranged, on average, plus or minus 38% from modeled values. Groundwater withdrawn for public supply and domestic use accounted for between 48 and 74% of total groundwater use since 1901, highlighting that groundwater provides an important drinking-water resource. The compilation, analysis, and spatial and temporal extrapolation of water-use data remain a challenging task for water scientists, but is of paramount importance to better quantify groundwater use and availability.  相似文献   

四川盆地奥陶系岩相古地理与勘探潜力     

刘伟  洪海涛  徐安娜  姜华  石书缘 《海相油气地质》2017,22(4)

在前人研究基础上,依托露头和钻井资料,以沉积相分析为核心,结合四川盆地构造演化,采用单因素分析多因素综合法,以"组"为单元编制了奥陶纪岩相古地理图。奥陶纪四川盆地及邻区总体呈现西高东低的古地理格局,自西向东发育滨岸相、混积潮坪相、局限台地相、开阔台地相和斜坡相—盆地相。从岩相古地理视角对成藏条件的分析表明:奥陶系五峰组沉积期四川盆地主体属于局限海环境,发育了一套优质烃源岩,此外,与奥陶系临近的上覆志留系龙马溪组和下伏寒武系筇竹寺组烃源岩在有断层沟通的情况下可提供有效气源;奥陶系碳酸盐岩总体致密,白云石化、表生溶蚀和裂缝的存在是储层形成的关键因素,对应发育了桐梓组—红花园组颗粒滩白云岩储层、岩溶储层和宝塔组裂缝储层等三类储层;奥陶系发育下部(下生上储)和上部(上生下储)两套成藏组合,具有较好的勘探潜力。  相似文献   

Spatial pattern of grassland aboveground biomass and its environmental controls in the Eurasian steppe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cuicui Jiao  Guirui Yu  Nianpeng He  Anna Ma  Jianping Ge  Zhongmin Hu 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(1):3-22

Vegetation biomass is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks. Grasslands are one of the most widespread biomes worldwideplaying an important role in global carbon cycling. Thereforestudying spatial patterns of biomass and their correlations to environment in grasslands is fundamental to quantifying terrestrial carbon budgets. The Eurasian steppean important part of global grasslandsis the largest and relatively well preserved grassland in the world. In this studywe analyzed the spatial pattern of aboveground biomass(AGB)and correlations of AGB to its environment in the Eurasian steppe by meta-analysis. AGB data used in this study were derived from the harvesting method and were obtained from three data sources(literatureglobal NPP database at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center(ORNL)some data provided by other researchers). Our results demonstrated that:(1) as for the Eurasian steppe overallthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited significant horizontal and vertical zonality. In detailAGB showed an inverted parabola curve with the latitude and with the elevationwhile a parabola curve with the longitude. In additionthe spatial pattern of AGB had marked horizontal zonality in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion and the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregionwhile horizontal and vertical zonality in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe subregion.(2) Of the examined environmental variablesthe spatial variation of AGB was related to mean annual precipitation(MAP)mean annual temperature(MAT)mean annual solar radiation(MAR)soil Gravel contentsoil p H and soil organic content(SOC) at the depth of 0–30 cm. NeverthelessMAP dominated spatial patterns of AGB in the Eurasian steppe and its three subregions.(3) A Gaussian function was found between AGB and MAP in the Eurasian steppe overallwhich was primarily determined by unique patterns of grasslands and environment in the Tibetan Plateau. AGB was significantly positively related to MAP in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m)the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m) and the surface(elevation ≥ 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. Neverthelessthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited a Gaussian function curve with the increasing MAP in the east and southeast margins(elevation 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. This study provided more knowledge of spatial patterns of AGB and their environmental controls in grasslands than previous studies only conducted in local regions like the Inner Mongolian temperate grasslandthe Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslandetc.  相似文献   

Mycobiota of the disused ore mine of Marcinków in?nie?nik Masiff(western Poland)     

Wojciech Pusz  Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska  Paweł Zagożdżon  Rafał Ogórek 《山地科学学报》2017,14(12):2448-2457

Marcinków(Lower Silesia, ?nie?nik Masiff,south-western Poland) has been a well-known mining centre since the mid-15 th century. Mineral extraction ended in 1949 with the ores of Pb, Ag, Cu and occasionally Au, U or graphite mined there. The mine is surrounded by metamorphic graphite and mica schist. It is not open to the public and no bats have been recorded living in. The aim of this study was the mycological analysis of the air, the rock surface and the water of the disused ore mine of Marcinków.Additionally, the chemical composition of rocks and water, and microclimate conditions of the adit were determined. Fungi were identified using a combination of phenotypic and molecular methods.Six taxa of fungi were cultured from the indoor air samples of the adit, whereas the outdoor air samples contained only five taxa. On the other hand, nine taxa were isolated from both the rocky walls and the water.The Aspergillus group was present only on the rocks and in the water, whereas Cladosporium herbarum,Dumontinia tuberosa, Epicoccum nigrum, Hirsutella sp., were found exclusively in the air. The mycobiota found in the ore mine were mostly similar to those recorded in other mines and natural caves. However,it should be noted that the internal microclimate and chemical compounds of the rocks.  相似文献   

The Rainstorm and Flash Flood at Mount Fulufjället In August 1997: The Meteorological and Hydrological Situation     

Haldo Vedin  Anna Eklund  & Hans Alexandersson 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(3):361-368

The flood at Mount Fulufjället, 30-31 August 1997 was caused by the most furious rainstorm ever documented in Sweden. Private measurements on the mountain show not less than 276 mm over 24 hours, and the distribution of severe damage suggests even higher amounts in other parts of the mountain. The precipitation was connected to a front attacking a high pressure that had been dominating the weather in Sweden for several weeks, but orographic lifting on the east-facing slopes of the mountain may partly have caused the extreme intensity. In River Fulan, one of the upper branches of River Dalälven, the discharge peaked at a diurnal mean value of 233 m 3/s;, the highest since measurements began in 1913. At the stream Tangån and the new common outlet of the streams Stora and Lilla Göljån, both locations with a normal discharge of only around 1 m 3/s, instantaneous values of approximately 300 m 3/s have been estimated, corresponding to values close to the normal discharge at the mouth of River Dalälven on the coast of the Sea of Bothnia.  相似文献   

Analysis of local ionospheric time varying characteristics with singular value decomposition     

Jakob Jakobsen  Per Knudsen  Anna B. O. Jensen 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(7):449-456

In this paper, a time series from 1999 to 2007 of absolute total electron content (TEC) values has been computed and analyzed using singular value decomposition (SVD). The data set has been computed using a Kalman Filter and is based on dual frequency GPS data from three reference stations in Denmark located in the midlatitude region. The station separation between the three stations is 132–208 km (the time series of the TEC can be freely downloaded at ). For each year, a SVD has been performed on the TEC time series in order to identify the three time varying (daily, yearly, and 11 yearly) characteristics of the ionosphere. The applied SVD analysis provides a new method for separating the daily from the yearly components. The first singular value is very dominant (approximately six times larger than the second singular value), and this singular value corresponds clearly to the variation of the daily cycle over the year. The second singular value corresponds to variations of the width of the daily peak over the year, and the third singular value shows a clear yearly variation of the daily signal with peaks around the equinoxes. The singular values for each year show a very strong correlation with the sunspot number for all the singular values. The correlation coefficients for the first 5 sets of singular values are all above 0.96. Based on the SVD analysis yearly models of the TEC in the ionosphere can be recomposed and illustrate the three time varying characteristics of the ionosphere very clearly. By prediction of the yearly mean sunspot number, future yearly models can also be predicted. These can serve as a priori information for a real time space weather service providing information of the current status of the ionosphere. They will improve the Kalman filter processing making it more robust, but can also be used as starting values in the initialization phase in case of gaps in the data stream. Furthermore, the models can be used to detect variations from the normal local ionospheric activity.  相似文献   

Modern and historical tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits at the coast of Myanmar: Implications for their identification and preservation in the geological record     

Dominik Brill  Katharina Seeger  Anna Pint  Felix Reize  Kay Thwe Hlaing  Martin Seeliger  Stephan Opitz  Khin Mi Mi Win  Win Thuzar Nyunt  Nilar Aye  Aung Aung  Kyaw Kyaw  Frauke Kraas  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1431-1459

The catastrophic storm surge of tropical cyclone Nargis in May 2008 demonstrated Myanmar's exposure to coastal flooding. The investigation of sediments left by tropical cyclone Nargis and its predecessors is an important contribution to prepare for the impact of future tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the region, because they may extend the database for long-term hazard assessment beyond the relatively short instrumental and historical record. This study, for the first time, presents deposits of modern and historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis from the coast of Myanmar. The aim is to establish regional sedimentary characteristics that may help to identify and discriminate cyclones and tsunamis in the geological record, and to document post-depositional changes due to tropical weathering in the first years after deposition. These findings if used to interpret older deposits will extend the existing instrumental record of flooding events in Myanmar. Evaluating deposits that can be related to specific events, such as the 2006 tropical cyclone Mala and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, indicates similar sedimentary characteristics for both types of sediments. Landward thinning and fining trends, littoral sediment sources and sharp lower contacts allow for the differentiation from underlying deposits, while discrimination between tropical cyclone and tsunami origin is challenging based on the applied methods. The modern analogues also demonstrate a rather low preservation potential of the sand sheets due to carbonate dissolution, formation of organic top soils, and coastal erosion. However, in coastal depressions sand sheets of sufficient thickness (>10 cm) may be preserved where the shoreline is prograding or stable. In the most seaward swale of a beach-ridge plain at the Rakhine coast, two sand sheets have been identified in addition to the deposits of 2006 tropical cyclone Mala. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and ¹³⁷Cs dating, the younger sand layer is related to 1982 tropical cyclone Gwa, while the older sand layer is most probably the result of an event that took place prior to 1950. Comparison with historical records indicates that the archive is only sensitive to tropical cyclones of category 4 (or higher) with landfall directly in or a few tens of kilometres north of the study area. While the presented tropical cyclone records are restricted to the last 100 years, optically stimulated luminescence ages of the beach ridges indicate that the swales landward of the one investigated in this study might provide tropical cyclone information for at least the past 700 years.  相似文献