Beitrag zur Petrographie der Oberharzer Kulmgrauwacke     

Dr Bernhard Mattiat 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1960,7(4):242-280

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziel einer moglichst genauen Beschreibung und Charakterisierung warden zwei Profile aus der Oberharzer Kulmgrauwacke untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um Profile aus der ältesten und der jüngsten stratigraphisch gesicherten Grauwacke führenden Kulmstufe in diesem Gebiet (III 3 and III).Um eine möglichst große Allgemeingültigkeit der Aussagen zu sichern, wurden zusätzlich Proben aus sieben weiteren Aufschlüssen, die über das ganze Oberharzer Gebiet verteilt sind, zu Vergleichsuntersuchungen herangezogen.Die Mineral- und Gesteinskomponenten der Proben warden mikroskopisch bestimmt und beschrieben. Ihr Gehalt wurde quantitativ nach dem Punktzähl-verfahren vonGlagolev in Dünnschliffen bestimmt.Von verschiedenen charakteristischen Proben mit verschiedenem mittleren Korndurchmesser warden quantitative chemische Analysen durchgeführt, ihre Korngrößenverteilung ermittelt und die Korngestalt ihrer wichtigsten Komponenten beschrieben.Eine besondere — hauptsächlich röntgenographische Untersuchung — wurde an den, den Grauwacken zwischengeschalteten Tonschiefern und an den Tonschieferflatschen in den Grauwacken durchgeführt.Anhand der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurde eine Deutung der Entstehungsbedingungen versucht. Dabei warden Rückschlüisse auf die Zusammensetzung des Liefergebietes, sowie Fragen nach dem Abtragungs-, Transport- und Ablagerungsmechanismus dieser Grauwacken besonders berücksichtigt.  相似文献   

Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations     

Bernhard K. Schaule  Clair C. Patterson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,54(1):97-116

Lead concentrations were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry in 34 surface- and deep-water samples collected in the northeast Pacific between Hawaii and California and off the California coast using a deep-water sampler protected against fouling by contamination from the ship and hydrowire. Measured concentrations lie more than one order of magnitude below previously published open ocean values and they show that in most cases 90% or more of the total lead is in a dissolved form. Lead concentrations are about 10-fold higher in surface and thermocline waters than in deep waters; values drop as low as 1 ng/kg (5 pmol/kg) below 3500 m depth. Lead profiles thus appear different compared to those of most trace metals, which show enrichment in deep waters compared to surface concentrations. Lead concentrations in surface waters increase from 5 to 15 ng/kg (25 to 75 pmol/kg) along a transect starting from a location 200 km off the California coast and continuing towards the center of the North Pacific Gyre. This increase is congruent with that observed for²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the same waters sampled at the same time.Lead is supplied to the open North Pacific largely from the atmosphere, at a rate of about 60 ng/cm² yr, which exceeds the prehistoric oceanic output flux of authigenic lead recorded in pelagic sediments about tenfold. This excess originates from emissions from smelters and combustion of leaded gasoline, overwhelming natural lead inputs that entered the ocean during prehistoric time probably largely through rivers. Vertical lead concentration profiles below the surface mixed layer are probably not in steady state. There, concentrations must be increasing in response to the increase of anthropogenic inputs because the estimated lead residence times are more than 20 years in the thermocline and about 80 years in deep waters. Based on an estimated 10-fold input and concentration increase since the mid-eighteenth century in the surface mixed layer in the central northeast Pacific, it is calculated that the 10 ng/kg average concentration between 100 and 900 m is 2 to 5 times larger, and the 1.8 ng/kg average concentration between 900 and 5000 m depth is about 2 times larger than it was in the mid-eighteenth century. Profiles of lead concentrations in the North Atlantic are expected to be shifted generally to larger values by a factor of 2 to 3 compared to those in the North Pacific because of the effects of greater industrial lead contamination, while lead concentration profiles in the South Pacific are expected to be shifted generally to lower values compared to the North Pacific by about this same factor because of the effects of lesser industrial lead contamination.  相似文献   

Internal gravity waves in the atmosphere     

Prof. Dr. Elmar R. Reiter  Prof. Dr. Bernhard Haurwitz 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1974,23(2):101-114

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Experimental data on melting reactions of muscovite+quartz in the system K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O to 20 Kb water pressure     

Dr. Bernhard Storre  Dr. Ekkehard Karotke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1972,36(4):343-345

New experiments on melting reactions of muscovite + quartz obtained for a mixture using a synthetic muscovite confirm he experimental data obtained for a mixture using a natural muscovite which have been reported recently. [  相似文献   

Environmental history of the south-eastern South Atlantic since the Middle Miocene: evidence from the sedimentological records of ODP Sites 1088 and 1092   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bernhard Diekmann  Mareike Fälker†  Gerhard Kuhn† 《Sedimentology》2003,50(3):511-529

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Methane and CO₂ sorption and desorption measurements on dry Argonne premium coals: pure components and mixtures     

Andreas Busch  Yves Gensterblum  Bernhard M. Krooss 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2003,55(2-4):205-224

Sorption and desorption behaviour of methane, carbon dioxide, and mixtures of the two gases has been studied on a set of well-characterised coals from the Argonne Premium Coal Programme. The coal samples cover a maturity range from 0.25% to 1.68% vitrinite reflectance. The maceral compositions were dominated by vitrinite (85% to 91%). Inertinite contents ranged from 8% to 11% and liptinite contents around 1% with one exception (Illinois coal, 5%). All sorption experiments were performed on powdered (−100 mesh), dry coal samples.Single component sorption/desorption measurements were carried out at 22 °C up to final pressures around 51 bar (5.1 MPa) for CO₂ (subcritical state) and 110 bar (11 MPa) for methane.The ratios of the final sorption capacities for pure CO₂ and methane (in molar units) on the five coal samples vary between 1.15 and 3.16. The lowest ratio (1.15) was found for the North Dakota Beulah-Zap lignite (VR_r=0.25%) and the highest ratios (2.7 and 3.16) were encountered for the low-rank coals (VR_r 0.32% and 0.48%) while the ratio decreases to 1.6–1.7 for the highest rank coals in this series.Desorption isotherms for CH₄ and CO₂ were measured immediately after the corresponding sorption isotherms. They generally lie above the sorption isotherms. The degree of hysteresis, i.e. deviation of sorption and desorption isotherms, varies and shows no dependence on coal rank.Adsorption tests with CH₄/CO₂ mixtures were conducted to study the degree of preferential sorption of these two gases on coals of different rank. These experiments were performed on dry coals at 45 °C and pressures up to 180 bar (18 MPa). For the highest rank samples of this sequence preferential sorption behaviour was “as expected”, i.e. preferential adsorption of CO₂ and preferential desorption of CH₄ were observed. For the low rank samples, however, preferential adsorption of CH₄ was found in the low pressure range and preferential desorption of CO₂ over the entire pressure range.Follow-up tests for single gas CO₂ sorption measurements consistently showed a significant increase in sorption capacity for re-runs on the same sample. This phenomenon could be due to extraction of volatile coal components by CO₂ in the first experiment. Reproducibility tests with methane and CO₂ using fresh sample material in each experiment did not show this effect.  相似文献   

Thermobarometric data from a fossil zircon partial annealing zone in high pressure–low temperature rocks of eastern and central Crete, Greece     

Manfred R. Brix  Bernhard Stckhert  Eberhard Seidel  Thomas Theye  Stuart N. Thomson  Martina Küster 《Tectonophysics》2002,349(1-4)

A fossil partial annealing zone of fission tracks in zircon is described from high pressure–low temperature (HP–LT) rocks of the Phyllite–Quartzite Unit (PQ) on the island of Crete, Greece. Correlation of regional trends in fission track age populations with independent thermobarometric and microstructural data, and with new experimental annealing results, allows a calibration of this low temperature thermochronological method to a degree hitherto not available from other field examples.The zircon fission track (FT) ages of samples from the PQ across Crete range from original detrital signature through reduced to completely reset. The annealing is the result of a single heating period related to the HP–LT metamorphism with near-peak temperatures lasting for only a few million years some time between 24±1 and 20±1 Ma. In eastern Crete, where rocks have experienced temperatures of 300±50 °C and pressures of 0.8±0.3 GPa, zircon FT ages range from 414±24 to 145±10 Ma. Ages above 300 Ma occur mostly near the east coast of the island in rocks which have not been heated to above ca. 280 °C and probably represent a pre-Variscan source. Track lengths are already indicative of a substantial annealing at this temperature. Most of the zircon FT ages from eastern Crete scatter within error around the stratigraphic age. Samples with apparent zircon FT ages significantly younger than the depositional age are only observed in areas where temperatures exceeded ca. 320 °C. Towards the west, a sudden decrease to very young ages ranging from 17±2 to 18±1 Ma reflects a complete resetting at ca. 350 °C. Short tracks, however, are still observed. Throughout the central and western part of the island, ages are consistently below 22 Ma. Thermobarometric data for this area indicate maximum temperatures of 400±50 °C and pressures of 1±0.3 GPa. Only samples from western Crete, which have been exposed to 400±50 °C, show exclusively long tracks. Consequently, the high temperature limit of the zircon partial annealing zone (ZPAZ) appears to be between 350 and 400 °C.A significant influence of elevated confining pressure on the stability of fission tracks in zircon is ruled out by the results of annealing experiments at 0.5 GPa and at different temperatures, which fit the curves previously obtained by other authors at ambient pressure.  相似文献   

The influence of tortuosity on molecular diffusion in freshwater sediments of high porosity     

Martin Maerki  Bernhard Wehrli  Beat Müller 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(7):1519-1528

In sediments, diffusive transport of ions and molecules is basically influenced by two sediment characteristics: tortuosity and porosity. For the first time, the formation factor F, which combines the effect of tortuosity and porosity on diffusion, was quantified in freshwater sediments at submillimeter resolution. Sediment cores were treated with KCl and F was determined using a resistivity sensor and K⁺ selective electrodes.F was determined in sediments from different water depths of the eutrophic Lake Zug (Switzerland): In sandy sediments from a shallow site (12 m depth), F increased by approximately 50% within a few millimeters below the sediment surface. In clayey and silty sediments from the oxic (<80 m depth) and seasonally anoxic (80-120 m depth) zones of the lake, the initial increase in F was only 20%. In the permanent anoxic zone (>160 m depth), F increased by only 10% just below the sediment surface. Values of F were correlated with the porosity at each depth. We found close correlations of F = 1.02 · φ^−1.81 for clay-silt sediments, and F = 1.04 · φ^−1.21 for sandy sediments. The exponents are considerably smaller in Lake Zug than found for marine sediments, thus, diffusive transport seems to be less affected by tortuosity in this freshwater system.  相似文献   

Investigation of the pyrolytic liberation of molecular nitrogen from Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks     

Bernhard M. Krooss  Lothar Friberg  Yves Gensterblum  Jan Hollenstein  Dirk Prinz  Ralf Littke 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(5-6):1023-1038

Open-system non-isothermal pyrolysis up to 1,200°C in combination with elemental analysis was used to study the thermal liberation of molecular nitrogen (N₂) from sedimentary rocks and kerogen concentrates of Palaeozoic age from the Central European Basin system and an Eocene shale (Liaohe Basin, China) with a high content (36%) of ammonium feldspar (buddingtonite). The N/C_org (atomic) ratios of the kerogen concentrates ranged from 0.005 to 0.014, which represents the range commonly observed for coals. Bulk N/C_org ratios of the Palaeozoic shales extended from 0.035 to 0.108, indicating the presence of significant amounts of inorganic nitrogen. Namurian A and A-B (CnA; CnA-B) samples typically exhibited the earliest onset of N₂ generation with intense, characteristic peaks around 600°C. N₂ liberation from the buddingtonite-rich sample occurred at higher temperatures, with a broad peak around 700°C. Pyrograms of the kerogen concentrates showed no or strongly reduced N₂ generation in the 500–700°C range. On-line isotope-specific analysis of the pyrolytically liberated N₂ on one sample revealed a variability of ∼10‰ in the δ¹⁵N values and a steady increase in δ¹⁵N with temperature during the main phase of N₂ generation.  相似文献   

Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

Stefan M. Schmid  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Eduard Kissling  Ralf Schuster 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2004,97(1):93-117

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