Medium-scale maps after survey from space—The “Metric-Camera”—Experiment     

Fezer Fritz Prof. Dr.  Reichenbach Bernhard  Witschel Christian MA  Hell Günter Prof. Dr.-Ing.  Duster Manfred Dipl.-Ing  Heidrich Brigitte 《GeoJournal》1987,14(4):467-478

Airphotos have been used for topographic survey since the Twenties. The “European Space Agency” (ESA), the “Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt” (DFVLR) and “Carl Zeiss” have modified this successful technique for spacecraft and recently have tested the system over four continents. Each of these satellite photos covers a region of 189×189 km to the scale of 1∶800000 and may be enlarged to 1∶250000 or 1∶100000. Between the altitudes of 200 and 300 km, mapmaking or-revision seems to be economic in zones or in countries, where existing maps are of minor quality or outdated. In this paper, examples from deserts and semideserts in the Sudan are presented.  相似文献   

Analysis of the Major Fe Bearing Mineral Phases in Recent Lake Sediments by EXAFS Spectroscopy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lorenzo Spadini  Markus Bott  Bernhard Wehrli  Alain Manceau 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2003,9(1):1-17

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and chemical analyses were combined to determine the Fe bearing minerals in recent lake sediments from Baldeggersee (Switzerland). The upper section of a laminated sediment core, deposited under eutrophic conditions, was compared to the lower part from an oligotrophic period. Qualitative analysis of FeK EXAFS agreed well with chemical data: In the oligotrophic section Fe(II)–O and Fe(III)–O specieswere present, whereas a significant fraction of Fe(II)–S sulfides was strongly indicated in the eutrophic part. A statistical analysis was performed by least square fitting of normalized reference spectra. The set of reference minerals included Fe(III) oxides and Fe(II) sulfides, carbonates and phosphates. In the oligotrophic regime no satisfying fit was obtained using the set of reference spectra, indicating that siderite (FeCO₃) was not present in a significant amount in these carbonate-rich sediments. Simulated EXAFS spectra for a(Ca_x, Fe_1-x)CO₃solid solution allowed reconstructing the specificfeatures of the experimental spectra, suggesting that this phase was the dominant Fe carrier in the oligotrophic section of the core. In the eutrophic part, mackinawite was positively identified and represented the dominant Fe(II) sulfide phase. This finding agreed with chemical extraction, which indicated that18–40 mol% of Fe was contained in the acid volatile iron sulfide fraction. EXAFS spectra of the eutrophic section were best fitted by considering the admixture of mackinawite and the Fe–Ca carbonate phase inferred to be predominant in the oligotrophic regime.  相似文献   

Quartz microstructures developed during non-steady state plastic flow at rapidly decaying stress and strain rate   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Claudia A. Trepmann  Bernhard Stckhert 《Journal of Structural Geology》2003,25(12):2035-2051

Synseismic loading to very high stresses (>0.5 GPa) and subsequent creep during stress relaxation in the uppermost plastosphere at temperatures of ca. 300–350 °C, near the lower tip of an inferred once seismically active crustal scale fault, was proposed based on peculiar microstructures identified in rocks exposed over >100 km² in the Sesia Zone, European Western Alps. Here we discuss the conspicuous and highly heterogeneous microstructural record of quartz in disseminated small-scale shear zones. Sub-basal deformation lamellae and arrays of elongate subgrains on the TEM-scale indicate an early stage of glide-controlled deformation at high stresses. Distributed brittle failure is indicated by healed microcracks. Very fine-grained recrystallised aggregates with a pronounced crystallographic preferred orientation reflect intense plastic flow by dislocation creep. Locally, a fine-grained foam microstructure indicates a final stage of static grain growth at low differential stress. For the previously inferred peak stresses of about 0.5 GPa and given temperatures, initial strain rates on the order of 10⁻¹⁰ s⁻¹ are predicted by available flow laws for dislocation creep of quartz. We emphasise the importance of short-term non-steady state deformation in the uppermost plastosphere underlying seismically active upper crust. The related heterogeneous record of quartz is governed by the local stress history at constant temperature.  相似文献   

Cooling and exhumation of the Rieserferner Pluton (Eastern Alps, Italy/Austria)     

André Steenken  Siegfried Siegesmund  Till Heinrichs  Bernhard Fügenschuh 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2002,91(5):799-817

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A multi-level direct-iterative solver for seismic wave propagation modelling: space and wavelet approaches     

Bernhard Hustedt  Stéphane Operto  Jean Virieux 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,155(3):953-980

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A map-view restoration of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system for the Early Miocene     

Kamil Ustaszewski  Stefan M. Schmid  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Matthias Tischler  Eduard Kissling  Wim Spakman 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):273-294

A map-view palinspastic restoration of tectonic units in the Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides reveals the plate tectonic configuration before the onset of Miocene to recent deformations. Estimates of shortening and extension from the entire orogenic system allow for a semi-quantitative restoration of translations and rotations of tectonic units during the last 20 Ma. Our restoration yielded the following results: (1) The Balaton Fault and its eastern extension along the northern margin of the Mid-Hungarian Fault Zone align with the Periadriatic Fault, a geometry that allows for the eastward lateral extrusion of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian (ALCAPA) Mega-Unit. The Mid-Hungarian Fault Zone accommodated simultaneous strike-perpendicular shortening and strike-slip movements, concomitant with strike-parallel extension. (2) The Mid-Hungarian Fault Zone is also the locus of a former plate boundary transforming opposed subduction polarities between Alps (including Western Carpathians) and Dinarides. (3) The ALCAPA Mega-Unit was affected by 290 km extension and fits into an area W of present-day Budapest in its restored position, while the Tisza-Dacia Mega-Unit was affected by up to 180 km extension during its emplacement into the Carpathian embayment. (4) The external Dinarides experienced Neogene shortening of over 200 km in the south, contemporaneous with dextral wrench movements in the internal Dinarides and the easterly adjacent Carpatho-Balkan orogen. (5) N–S convergence between the European and Adriatic plates amounts to some 200 km at a longitude of 14° E, in line with post-20 Ma subduction of Adriatic lithosphere underneath the Eastern Alps, corroborating the discussion of results based on high-resolution teleseismic tomography.The displacement of the Adriatic Plate indenter led to a change in subduction polarity along a transect through the easternmost Alps and to substantial Neogene shortening in the eastern Southern Alps and external Dinarides. While we confirm that slab-pull and rollback of oceanic lithosphere subducted beneath the Carpathians triggered back-arc extension in the Pannonian Basin and much of the concomitant folding and thrusting in the Carpathians, we propose that the rotational displacement of this indenter provided a second important driving force for the severe Neogene modifications of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system.  相似文献   

The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Stefan M. Schmid  Daniel Bernoulli  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Liviu Matenco  Senecio Schefer  Ralf Schuster  Matthias Tischler  Kamil Ustaszewski 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):139-183

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Late‐stage deformation in a collisional orogen (Western Alps): nappe refolding,back‐thrusting or normal faulting?     

Stefan Bucher  Stefan M. Schmid  Romain Bousquet  Bernhard Fügenschuh 《地学学报》2003,15(2):109-117

ABSTRACT Nappe refolding, back-thrusting and normal faulting frequently cause severe late-stage overprinting of the architecture of an orogen. A combined investigation of nappe stack polarity, kinematics of shearing and metamorphic gradients in the Western Alps develops criteria for distinguishing between these three modes of late-stage deformation. This distinction is a prerequisite for any retro-deformation necessary for understanding the main tectonic and metamorphic evolution of collisional orogens. In the case of the Western Alps overprint was by mega-scale nappe refolding in the Oligocene. This implies exhumation of the HP-rocks prior to postnappe folding, i.e. during nappe stacking and by foreland-directed ascent within a subduction channel.  相似文献   

International viewpoint and news     

Anne Marie de Grosbois  Bernhard Wagenbreth 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(2):469-470

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Environmental changes in the northern Altai during the last millennium documented in Lake Teletskoye pollen record   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrei A. Andreev  Roberto Pierau  Ivan A. Kalugin  Andrei V. Daryin  Lyubov G. Smolyaninova  Bernhard Diekmann 《Quaternary Research》2007,67(3):394-399

A high-resolution pollen record from Lake Teletskoye documents the climate-related vegetation history of the northern Altai Mountain region during the last millennium. Siberian pine taiga with Scots pine, fir, spruce, and birch dominated the vegetation between ca. AD 1050 and 1100. The climate was similar to modern. In the beginning of the 12th century, birch and shrub alder increased. Lowered pollen concentrations and simultaneous peaks in herbs (especially Artemisia and Poaceae), ferns, and charcoal fragments point to colder and more arid climate conditions than before, with frequent fire events. Around AD 1200, regional climate became warmer and more humid than present, as revealed by an increase of Siberian pine and decreases of dry herb taxa and charcoal contents. Climatic conditions were rather stable until ca. AD 1410. An increase of Artemisia pollen may reflect slightly drier climate conditions between AD 1410 and 1560. Increases in Alnus, Betula, Artemisia, and Chenopodiaceae pollen and in charcoal particle contents may reflect further deterioration of climate conditions between AD 1560 and 1810, consistent with the Little Ice Age. After AD 1850 the vegetation gradually approached the modern one, in conjunction with ongoing climate warming.  相似文献