Mass balance and area changes of four High Arctic plateau ice caps, 1959–2002     

Carsten Braun  D. R. Hardy  R. S. Bradley 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(1):43-52

Abstract Small, stagnating ice caps at high latitudes are particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations, especially with regard to changes in ablation season temperature. We conducted mass balance measurements and GPS area surveys on four small High Arctic plateau ice caps from 1999–2002. We compared these measurements with topographic maps and aerial photography from 1959, and with previously published data. Net mass balance (b_n) of Murray Ice Cap was ?0.49 (1999), ?0.29 (2000), ?0.47 (2001), and ?0.29 (2002), all in meters of water equivalent (m w.eq.). The mass balance of nearby Simmons Ice Cap was also negative in 2000 (b_n=?0.40 m w.eq.) and in 2001 (b_n=?0.52 m w.eq.). All four ice caps experienced substantial marginal recession and area reductions of between 30 and 47% since 1959. Overall, these icecaps lost considerable mass since at least 1959, except for a period between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1970s characterized regionally by reduced summer melt, positive mass balance, and ice cap advance. The regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is located, on average, above the summits of the ice caps, indicating that they are remnants of past climatic conditions and out of equilibrium with present climate. The ice caps reached a Holocene maximum and were several times larger during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and their current recession reflects an adjustment to post‐LIA climatic conditions. At current downwasting rates the ice masses on the Hazen Plateau will completely disappear by, or soon after, the mid‐21st century.  相似文献   

Computerdarstellung von Achsenverteilunganalysen     

Dr. Günter Braun 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1972,61(3):849-871

Zusammenfassung Ein wichtiges Verfahren der Gefügeanalyse ist die Achsenverteilungsanalyse. Dieses zeitaufwendige Verfahren wird besser und schneller mit Hilfe eines Computers durchgeführt. Ein selbstentwickeltes Programmsystem in ALGOL, das besonders im Hinblick auf die Durchführung von Achsenverteilungsanalysen entworfen wurde, beherrscht sowohl die traditionellen Verfahren zur Auswertung des Makro- und Mikrogefüges als auch neuere Methoden zur Darstellung von Achsenverteilungsanalysen.Nach einer schematischen Darstellung des angewendeten Verfahrens wird als Beispiel ein 9×9 mm großer Bereich eines Chlorit-Biotit-Gneises analysiert und abschließend die Anwendung des Verfahrens im Makrobereich diskutiert.

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The axial-distribution analysis is an important method for the investigation of petrofabrics. The analytical procedure is very time-consuming and can be more exactly and rapidly performed by means of a computer. The program system which was developed by the author is written in ALGOL language and has been worked out with special respect to the performance of axial-distribution analyses. The program masters the traditional procedures of treating the macro-, meso-, and microscopic fabrics as well as new representation methods of axial-distribution analysis.The method is described by a sequence of graphs illustrating the proceeding of the analytical process. It is applied to the analysis of a 9×9 mm area of a chlorite-biotitegneiss. Finally, the application of the method to the investigation of macroscopic areas is discussed.

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Résumé L'analyse de la distribution des axes est une méthode très importante de l'analyse structurelle. Cette méthode, qui consomme beaucoup de temps, est mieux et plus vite réalisée à l'aide d'une calculatrice électronique. Un système de programmes en langue ALGOL, qui a été développé par l'auteur spécialement pour l'exécution des analyses de distribution des axes, traite aussi bien les méthodes traditionnelles de l'évaluation des macroet microstructures que les méthodes nouvelles pour la représentation des analyses de distribution d'axes. La méthode employée est appliquée à l'analyse d'une surface de 9×9 mm d'un gneiss à chlorite et biotite et est finalement discutée aux échelles supérieures.

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. . ALGOL, , , , . , , , -- 9×9 ; .

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Die Diagramme wurden mit der aus Mitteln der DFG betriebenen Rechenanlage Electrologica X8/X1 berechnet.Mein besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. F.Karl für das Verständnis, das er den langwierigen Programmierarbeiten entgegenbrachte, sowie die hilfreichen Diskussionen der gefügekundlichen Probleme. Dank schulde ich ferner Herrn F.Pina Mendes für einige Diskussionen sowie das Einmessen des untersuchten Dünnschliffes.  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

H. Ambübl  H. Ambübl  Rudolf Braun 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1956,18(1):193-195

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

Rudolf Braun 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1955,17(1):170-172

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

The ARPEGE/IFS atmosphere model: a contribution to the French community climate modelling   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

M Déqué  C Dreveton  A Braun  D Cariolle 《Climate Dynamics》1994,10(4-5):249-266

A new atmospheric model has been developed jointly by Météo-France, and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) under the acronyms ARPEGE (action de recherche petite echelle grande echelle, which means research project on small and large scales) and IFS (integrated forecast system). This model includes, inter alia, an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) which is intended by the French climate modelling community to be used for studying the anthropogenic climate impact. A preliminary version of this model has been available since 1992. This paper describes its main characteristics. Three 10-year integrations of this model having spectral horizontal resolutions of T21, T42, and T79 have been performed using prescribed monthly mean sea surface temperatures (SST) observed from 1979 until 1988. The results of these integrations are presented and compared with the observed climatology. The comparison is made for the winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) periods. It is shown that the model is capable of reproducing the observed climatology in a generally successful manner.  相似文献   

Comparison of Snow Data Assimilation System with GPS reflectometry snow depth in the Western United States          下载免费PDF全文

J. J. Braun  J. L. McCreight  F. G. Nievinski 《水文研究》2015,29(10):2425-2437

In this study, we compare gridded snow depth estimates from the Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) with snow depth observations derived from GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS‐IR) from roughly 100 Plate Boundary Observatory sites in the Western United States spanning four water‐years (2010–2013). Data from these sites are not assimilated by SNODAS; thus, GPS‐IR measurements provide an independent data set to evaluate SNODAS. Our results indicate that at 80% of the sites, SNODAS and GPS‐IR snow depth agree to better than 15‐cm root mean square error, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.6. Significant differences are found between GPS‐IR and SNODAS for sites that are distant from other point measurements, are located in complex terrain or are in areas with strong vegetation heterogeneities. GPS‐IR estimates of snow depth are shown to provide useful error characterization of SNODAS products across much of the Western United States and may have potential as an additional data assimilation source that could help improve SNODAS estimates. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil production and hillslope transport in mid‐latitudes during the last glacial–interglacial cycle: a combined data and modelling approach in northern Ardennes          下载免费PDF全文

Benoît Bovy  Jean Braun  Alain Demoulin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(12):1758-1775

The relative efficiency of various hillslope processes through Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles in the mid‐latitudes is not yet well constrained. Based on a unique set of topographic and soil thickness data in the Ardennes (Belgium), we combine the new CLICHE model of climate‐dependent hillslope evolution with an inversion algorithm in order to get deeper insight into the ways and timing of hillslope dynamics under one such climatic cycle. We simulate the evolution of a synthetic hill reproducing the slope, curvature, and contributing area distributions of the hillslopes of a ~ 2500 km² real area under a simple two‐stage 120‐kyr‐long climatic scenario with linear transitions between cold and warm stages. The inversion method samples a misfit function in the model parameter space, based on estimates of the fit of topographic derivative distributions in classes of soil thickness and of the relative frequencies of the predicted soil thickness classes. Though the inversion results show remarkable convergence patterns for most parameters, no unique solution emerges. We obtain five clusters of good fits, whose centroids are taken as acceptable model solutions. Based on the predicted time series of average denudation rate and soil thickness, plus snapshots of the soil distribution at characteristic times, we discuss these solutions and, comparing them with independent data not involved in the misfit function, we identify the most realistic scenario. Beyond providing first‐order estimates of several parameters that compare well with published data, our results show that denudation rates increase dramatically for a short time at both warm–cold and cold–warm transitions, when the mean annual temperature passes through the [0, ?5 °C] range. We also point to the overwhelming importance of solifluction in shaping hillslopes and transporting soil, and the role of depth‐dependent creep (including frost creep) throughout the climatic cycle, whereas the contributions of simple creep and overland flow are minor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic organic matter inputs indicated by sedimentary fecal steroids in a large South American tropical estuary (Paranaguá estuarine system, Brazil)     

César C. Martins  Juliana A.F. Braun  Eunice C. Machado 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(11):2137-2143

Urban sewage is considered one of the most important sources of marine pollution in South America, because most coastal cities do not have proper facilities to treat and dispose of sewage. The Paranaguá estuarine system is an important estuarine environment of the South American coast where fishing, urban and tourist activities, industries and the main Brazilian grain shipping port are potential sources of pollution in this area. The anthropogenic input of sedimentary organic matter, represented by sewage contribution, was evaluated by fecal steroid concentrations. The coprostanol levels were comparatively low (<0.10 μg g⁻¹), except at the sites close to Paranaguá city, where the coprostanol concentration reached 2.22 μg g⁻¹ showing strong sewage contamination. Fecal steroid levels were comparable to the lower to midrange concentrations reported for coastal sediments worldwide. The results of this work demonstrated that sewage pollution can be considered a problem for a small part of the Paranaguá estuary.  相似文献   

Catalogue of Shakhbazian compact groups of galaxies. VI.     

D. Stoll  H. Tiersch  M. Braun 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1996,317(5):315-332

The sixth part of the catalogue of Shakhbazian compact groups of galaxies contains the positions and references of all the galaxies of the following 48 groups (north of δ > +2°30''): Shkh 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107. For the estimation of the coordinates the Digitized Sky Survey was used.  相似文献   

Modeling ground water flow in alluvial mountainous catchments on a watershed scale   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wolf J  Barthel R  Braun J 《Ground water》2008,46(5):695-705

In large mountainous catchments, shallow unconfined alluvial aquifers play an important role in conveying subsurface runoff to the foreland. Their relatively small extent poses a serious problem for ground water flow models on the river basin scale. River basin scale models describing the entire water cycle are necessary in integrated water resources management and to study the impact of global climate change on ground water resources. Integrated regional-scale models must use a coarse, fixed discretization to keep computational demands low and to facilitate model coupling. This can lead to discrepancies between model discretization and the geometrical properties of natural systems. Here, an approach to overcome this discrepancy is discussed using the example of the German-Austrian Upper Danube catchment, where a coarse ground water flow model was developed using MODFLOW. The method developed uses a modified concept from a hydrological catchment drainage analysis in order to adapt the aquifer geometry such that it respects the numerical requirements of the chosen discretization, that is, the width and the thickness of cells as well as gradients and connectivity of the catchment. In order to show the efficiency of the developed method, it was tested and compared to a finely discretized ground water model of the Ammer subcatchment. The results of the analysis prove the applicability of the new approach and contribute to the idea of using physically based ground water models in large catchments.  相似文献