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81.
82.
Mineralogical, morphological and isotopic (RbSr and KAr) determinations were made on some detrital smectites of Palaeocene and Cenomanian ages from D.S.D.P. drillings in the Atlantic Ocean. These minerals are not inert in their depositional environment; authigenic laths grow on detrital sheets with sharp borders. This authigenesis could occur slightly after deposition in a closed system, for some of these smectites. It has been tentatively quantified by the RbSr and KAr isotopic methods, which seem also well suited to evaluate the chemical extent of this authigenesis. At least, no preferential loss of 40Ar vs. 87Sr could be detected in the minerals, even in those which are smaller than 0.2 μm. 相似文献
83.
Lucas A. Hellerich Matthew A. Poneiera Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Barth F. Smets Gregory M. Dobbs 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2003,23(3):74-84
The natural attenuation behavior of a ground water contaminant plume containing chromium and chlorinated ethenes in glaciated sediments was assessed using traditional and nontraditional methods. The mixed waste is transported through and attenuated within an estuarine influenced ground water aquifer of spatially varying redox character and organic carbon content. Contaminant fate and speciation were assessed as a function of geochemical conditions. Total, speciation-based, and sequential chemical extraction analyses were performed to determine contaminant partitioning and the redox capacity of the aquifer. Chromium speciation and partitioning were correlated with the reductive capacity and redox conditions of the aquifer sediments spatially distributed within the aquifer. Reductive dechlorination and partitioning of chlorinated ethenes were correlated with the organic carbon content and redox conditions of the aquifer sediments. The data showed that sharp redox gradients existed within the aquifer. Active reduction and retardation of both chromium and chlorinated ethenes was exhibited. The aqueous hexavalent chromium concentrations decreased to near nondetect levels in the vicinity of the receptor, whereas degradation products of higher-order chlorinated ethenes increased as a fraction of the total chlorinated ethene concentrations along the length of the plume. The potential for competition for reducing power under specific cases within the aquifer was suggested by the data, highlighting the need to include contaminant interactions in natural attenuation assessments. 相似文献
84.
Lucas J. Stal Patrizia Albertano Birgitta Bergman Klaus von Brckel John R. Gallon Paul K. Hayes Kaarina Sivonen Anthony E. Walsby 《Continental Shelf Research》2003,23(17-19):1695
The blooms of cyanobacteria that develop each summer in the Baltic Sea are composed of two functional groups, namely the small-sized picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp.) and the larger, colony-forming, filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria. The former encompassed both red (phycoerythrin-rich) and blue-green (phycocyanin-rich) species. The majority of the picocyanobacteria measured less than 1 μm and this size fraction comprised as much as 80% of the total cyanobacterial biomass and contributed as much as 50% of the total primary production of a cyanobacterial bloom. The picocyanobacteria are incapable of fixing N2, do not possess gas vesicles and are not toxic. However, a small filamentous Pseudanabaena sp. that could potentially fix N2 was isolated from the picocyanobacteria fraction. The larger cyanobacteria may form surface scums because they possess gas vesicles that make them buoyant. Although their biomass was less than the picocyanobacteria, they therefore form the more conspicuous and nuisance-forming part of the bloom. The larger cyanobacteria were composed mainly of three different species: Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena sp. These all belong to the heterocystous, N2-fixing cyanobacteria. N. spumigena and A. flos-aquae were the dominant species; only N. spumigena was toxic. Although individual Nodularia filaments showed a range of different phenotypes, they all belong to one species as judged from 16S rDNA sequencing. Through determination of the genotypes of many individual Nodularia filaments, it was shown that this population was not clonal and that horizontal exchange of genetic information occurs. N. spumigena and A. flos-aquae were different with respect to their photosynthetic and N2-fixing potentials. Depending on prevailing environmental conditions, these differences would promote the proliferation of one species over the other and hence would determine overall the toxicity of a bloom. Daily integrals of photon irradiance rather than temperature determined the onset of bloom formation. During a bloom, the diazotrophic cyanobacteria fixed N2 at a rate that was 10–20% in excess of their own demand for N. Picocyanobacteria assimilated most of this excess N as shown by 15N incorporation. During bloom conditions, the diazotrophic cyanobacteria met about 50% of the N demand of the total cyanobacterial community. The picocyanobacteria were predominantly N-limited while the diazotrophic cyanobacteria were probably iron limited. These findings allow us to understand the formation of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and also to develop tools to predict bloom formation. 相似文献
85.
Modern Tethyan, Mediterranean, and Pacific analogues are considered for several Appalachian, Caledonian, and Variscan terranes (Carolina, West and East Avalonia, Oaxaquia, Chortis, Maya, Suwannee, and Cadomia) that originated along the northern margin of Neoproterozoic Gondwana. These terranes record a protracted geological history that includes: (1) 1 Ga (Carolina, Avalonia, Oaxaquia, Chortis, and Suwannee) or 2 Ga (Cadomia) basement; (2) 750–600 Ma arc magmatism that diachronously switched to rift magmatism between 590 and 540 Ma, accompanied by development of rift basins and core complexes, in the absence of collisional orogenesis; (3) latest Neoproterozoic–Cambrian separation of Avalonia and Carolina from Gondwana leading to faunal endemism and the development of bordering passive margins; (4) Ordovician transport of Avalonia and Carolina across Iapetus terminating in Late Ordovician–Early Silurian accretion to the eastern Laurentian margin followed by dispersion along this margin; (5) Siluro-Devonian transfer of Cadomia across the Rheic Ocean; and (6) Permo-Carboniferous transfer of Oaxaquia, Chortis, Maya, and Suwannee during the amalgamation of Pangea. Three potential models are provided by more recent tectonic analogues: (1) an “accordion” model based on the orthogonal opening and closing of Alpine Tethys and the Mediterranean; (2) a “bulldozer” model based on forward-modelling of Australia during which oceanic plateaus are dispersed along the Australian plate margin; and (3) a “Baja” model based on the Pacific margin of North America where the diachronous replacement of subduction by transform faulting as a result of ridge–trench collision has been followed by rifting and the transfer of Baja California to the Pacific Plate. Future transport and accretion along the western Laurentian margin may mimic that of Baja British Columbia. Present geological data for Avalonia and Carolina favour a transition from a “Baja” model to a “bulldozer” model. By analogy with the eastern Pacific, we name the oceanic plates off northern Gondwana: Merlin (≡Farallon), Morgana (≡Pacific), and Mordred (≡Kula). If Neoproterozoic subduction was towards Gondwana, application of this combined model requires a total rotation of East Avalonia and Carolina through 180° either during separation (using a western Transverse Ranges model), during accretion (using a Baja British Columbia “train wreck” model), or during dispersion (using an Australia “bulldozer” model). On the other hand, Siluro-Devonian orthogonal transfer (“accordion” model) from northern Africa to southern Laurussia followed by a Carboniferous “Baja” model appears to best fit the existing data for Cadomia. Finally, Oaxaquia, Chortis, Maya, and Suwannee appear to have been transported along the margin of Gondwana until it collided with southern Laurentia on whose margin they were stranded following the breakup of Pangea. Forward modeling of a closing Mediterranean followed by breakup on the African margin may provide a modern analogue. These actualistic models differ in their dictates on the initial distribution of the peri-Gondwanan terranes and can be tested by comparing features of the modern analogues with their ancient tectonic counterparts. 相似文献
86.
Automatic Surface Reconstruction Based on the Fusion of Fuzzy Logic and Robust Estimation Techniques
Farhad Samadzadegan Ali Azizi Caro Lucas & Michael Hahn 《The Photogrammetric Record》2002,17(100):651-674
Automatic surface reconstruction by means of digital image matching essentially involves computation in both image and object spaces. In image space, image matching is performed according to certain radiometric and geometric similarity criteria for conjugate point determination. The matching operations may therefore be regarded as decision–making processes. In practice, however, the similarity criteria for conjugate point determination demonstrate non–deterministic behaviour. Thus, the nature of these decision–making processes is more compatible with fuzzy reasoning concepts. In object space, on the other hand, surface reconstruction procedures, which operate on the basis of previously determined conjugate points, are essentially deterministic in nature and hence demand rigorous geometric modelling. In this paper, a new approach for automatic surface modelling is proposed, based on two different mathematical treatments: a fuzzy logic reasoning method for the conjugate point determination in image space; and a robust finite elements approach for the surface modelling in object space. Tests carried out on real data demonstrate the high potential of the strategy proposed. 相似文献
87.
S. J. Warren D. J. Mortlock S. K. Leggett D. J. Pinfield D. Homeier S. Dye R. F. Jameson N. Lodieu P. W. Lucas A. J. Adamson F. Allard D. Barrado y Navascués M. Casali K. Chiu N. C. Hambly P. C. Hewett P. Hirst M. J. Irwin A. Lawrence M. C. Liu † E. L. Martín R. L. Smart L. Valdivielso B. P. Venemans 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,381(4):1400-1412
88.
John H. Trefry Robert P. Trocine Michelle L. McElvaine Robert D. Rember Lucas T. Hawkins 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(2):375-385
Concentrations of total Hg in sediments near six drilling sites in the Gulf of Mexico were elevated well above average background
values of 40–80 ng/g. The excess Hg was associated with barite from discharged drilling mud. In contrast with total Hg, concentrations
of methylmercury (MeHg) in these sediments did not vary significantly at nearfield (<100 m) versus farfield (>3 km) distances
from the drilling sites. Observed variability in concentrations of MeHg were related to local differences in redox state in
the top 10 cm of sediment. Low to non-detectable concentrations of MeHg were found in nearfield sediments that were anoxic,
highly reducing and contained abundant H2S. At most drilling sites, nearfield samples with high concentrations of total Hg (>200 ng/g) had similar or lower amounts
of MeHg than found at background (farfield) stations. Higher values of MeHg were found in a few nearfield sediments at one
site where concentrations of TOC were higher and where sediments were anoxic and moderately reducing. Overall, results from
this study support the conclusion that elevated concentrations of MeHg in sediments around drilling sites are not a common
phenomenon in the Gulf of Mexico. 相似文献
89.
Using structured telephone interviews this research focuses on how Canadian migrants living in the United States experience
and describe home. We argue that the globalisation of peoples’ lives, transnationalism and the concomitant creation of transnational
social spaces have greatly affected the meaning of home for migrants. The understandings of home that result reflect the reality
of living in social worlds that span two countries and the development of decentred multiple attachments and feelings of belonging
in more than one place. In response to these circumstances Canadian migrants experience home as multi-dimensional, pluri-local,
and characterized by regular movement across the U.S.–Canada border. When asked specifically about feeling at home upon re-entry
to the U.S. many respondents answered yes. However, many interviewees qualified their answers by describing home in different
ways and associating different aspects of their lives with each country. Canada as home was most often described in terms
of family, while home in the U.S. was associated with work. Respondents also differentiated between feeling at home once they
reached their residence as opposed to feeling unwelcome at the U.S. border. 相似文献
90.
Metal L2,3, sulfur K and oxygen K near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra for chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, pyrrhotite and pyrite have been determined from single-piece natural mineral specimens in order to assess claims that chalcopyrite should be regarded as CuIIFeIIS2 rather than CuIFeIIIS2, and that copper oxide species are the principal initial oxidation products on chalcopyrite and bornite exposed to air. Spectra were obtained using both fluorescence and electron yields to obtain information representative of the bulk as well as the surface. Where appropriate, NEXAFS spectra have been interpreted by comparison with the densities of unfilled states and simulated spectra derived from ab initio calculations using primarily the FEFF8 code and to a lesser extent WIEN2k. Metal 2p and S 2p photoelectron spectra excited by monochromatised Al Kα X-rays were determined for each of the surfaces characterised by NEXAFS spectroscopy. The X-ray excited Cu LMM Auger spectrum was also determined for each copper-containing sulfide. FEFF8 calculations were able to simulate the experimental NEXAFS spectra quite well in most cases. For covellite and chalcocite, it was found that FEFF8 did not provide a good simulation of the Cu L3-edge spectra, but WIEN2k simulations were in close agreement with the experimental spectra. Largely on the basis of these simulations, it was concluded that there was no convincing evidence for chalcopyrite to be represented as CuIIFeIIS2, and no strong argument for some of the Cu in either bornite or covellite to be regarded as Cu(II). The ab initio calculations for chalcopyrite and bornite indicated that the density of Cu d-states immediately above the Fermi level was sufficient to account for the Cu L3-edge absorption spectrum, however these incompletely filled Cu d-states should not be interpreted as indicating some Cu(II) in the sulfide structure. It was also concluded that the X-ray absorption spectra were quite consistent with the initial oxidation products on chalcopyrite and bornite surfaces being iron oxide species, and inconsistent with the concomitant formation of copper-oxygen species. 相似文献