Editorial     

TERRY COPPOCK  ERIC ANDERSON 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):1-2

Abstract

The analysis of geographical information is compared with other production processes in which a user can only accept an end-product if it meets certain quality requirements. Whereas users are responsible for defining the levels of quality they need to use the results of the analyses of geographical information systems in their work, database managers, experts and modellers could greatly assist users to achieve the quality of results they seek by formalizing information on: (1) data collection, level of resolution and quality; (2) the use of the basic analytical functions of the geographical information system; and (3) the data requirements, sensitivity and error propagation in models. These meta-data could be incorporated in a knowledge base alongside the geographical information system where, together with procedures for on-line error propagation, a user could be advised on the best way to achieve a desired aim. If the analysis showed that the original constellation of data, methods and models could not achieve the aim with the desired quality, the intelligent geographical information system would present a range of alternative strategies—better methods, more data, different data, better models, better model calibration, or better spatial resolution—and their costs by which the user's aims could reasonably be achieved.  相似文献   

The geology - archaeology connection     

ERIC ROBINSON 《Geology Today》1988,4(4):122-124

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Geological excursion guide 6: The Eden Valley, Cumbria     

ERIC SKIPSEY 《Geology Today》1989,5(5):175-178

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Branding Strategies and Languages of Consumption   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ERIC PAWSON 《New Zealand geographer》1997,53(2):16-21

This article seeks to contribute to the limited literature on languages of consumption by focusing on the ways in which brands help to articulate the relationships between producers and consumers. A particular theme is the invention and exploitation of identities of place employed in branding strategies. This is illustrated by case studies of ‘clean, green’ New Zealand, and of corporate branding activites in the brewing and wine making industries.  相似文献   

A reconstruction of Holocene climatic changes from peat bogs in north-west Scotland   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

DAVID E. ANDERSON 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1998,27(3):208-224

Continuous palaeoenvironmental sequences from three peat bogs located in north-west Scotland are presented which reveal palaeoclimatic changes during the Holocene, Peat cores were analysed lor humification. pollen and a range of other physical and palaeoecological data, and chronologies were constructed by radiocarbon dating. Reconstruction of past changes in bog hydrology formed the basis for palaeoclimatic interpretation. Four regional shifts to wetter bog conditions and two regional shifts to drier conditions are inferred. Best estimated aye ranges for the wet shifts span c . 5120 to 5070, 4020 to 3630, 3340 to 3270 and 940 to 800 cal BP, arid dry shifts are estimated at c . 4330 to 4120 and 1480 to 1340 cal BP. The most distinctive feature of the record is the oscillation from wetter to drier conditions around 4300 cal BP, followed by a return to wetter conditions after 4000 cal BP. This oscillation was probably caused by climatic changes which also had an inHuence on the dynamics of Scots pine within the region prior to, and during, its mid-Holocene phase of decline. Later shifts probably also reflect climatic changes, although evidence for human land-use complicates interpretation at c . 3300 cal BP. Potential causes are considered, including changes in the circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean during the mid-Holocene.  相似文献   

Metamorphism in the Adirondacks: II. The Role of Fluids   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

VALLEY  JOHN W.; BOHLEN  STEVEN R.; ESSENE  ERIC J.; LAMB  WILL 《Journal of Petrology》1990,31(3):555-596

Quantitative estimates of metamorphic fluid speciation, stableisotopic analyses, and studies of fluid inclusions all documentthe local complexity of fluids in the deep crustal rocks exposedin the Adirondack Mountains, NY. Estimates of the activity ofH₂O in the granulite facies are substantially lower than inthe amphibolite facies gneisses. The onset of low water activitiesin semi-pelitic gneisses generally correlates with migmatitictextures in the uppermost amphibolite facies, suggesting thatpartial melts absorbed H₂O at the peak of metamorphism. In granulitefacies marbles and calc-silicates, conditions varied from extremelyundersaturated in H₂O-CO₂ fluid to fluid saturated, and _H2Oand _CO2 show sharp gradients within single outcrops. Low valuesof f_O2 and f_H2O, or of f_CO2, and f_H2O indicate fluid-absentconditions for some orthogneisses and marbles, which are inferredto have been ‘dry’ rocks before and during granulitefacies recrystallization. Wollastonite is preserved from earlycontact metamorphism and serves as an index mineral for fluid-absentconditions in granulites where _H2O is low. Values off_O2 rangefrom near the hematite + magnetite buffer in metamorphosed ironformation to substantially below the quartz + magnetite + fayalitebuffer in some orthogneisses. The anorthosite suite is moreoxidized than some associated granitic gneisses. Halogens (Fand Cl) substitute extensively for OH in micas and amphiboles,extending their stability, although F₂, Cl₂, HCl, and HF areminor components in any fluid. Oxybiotite-type exchanges involvingO for OH are also important, extending the stability of biotite.Stable isotopic ratios of O and C demonstrate that premetamorphicwhole-rock compositions are commonly preserved whereas mineralcompositions generally reflect equilibration at the peak ofmetamorphism. The Marcy Anorthosite Massif was intruded as ahigh ¹⁸O magma. The combination of mineral equilibria, stable isotope data,and fluid inclusions is used to identify and to distinguishamong pre-orogenic contact metamorphic/hydrothermal events,peak metamorphic events, and retrograde/postmetamorphic events.Polymetamorphism is documented at skarn zones adjacent to anorthosite,where large volumes of hydrothermal fluid were channeled duringearly, shallow contact metamorphism and where conditions werefluid poor during subsequent regional metamorphism. Peak metamorphicevents are inferred to have been caused primarily by magmaticprocesses of intrusion and anatexis. Partial melting has causedlow values of _H2O in many rocks, but in other cases low valuesof _H2O are recorded in orthogneisses derived from H₂O-poor magmas.Isotopic studies show that maximum fluid/rock ratios were <0?land possibly 0?0 for infiltrating fluids at the peak of metamorphismin many localities. No evidence of pervasive, regional infiltrationby a fluid at the peak of metamorphism has been substantiatedin the Adirondacks. Fluid inclusions containing high-densityCO₂ or CO₂ + H₂O represent conditions from after the peak ofmetamorphism and document isobaric cooling, in agreement withestimates from garnet zoning. Fine-scale retrograde veins arecommon and are associated with high-density CO₂-rich fluid inclusions.  相似文献   

Assessing a local ensemble Kalman filter: perfect model experiments with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ISTVAN SZUNYOGH  ERIC J. KOSTELICH  G. GYARMATI  D. J. PATIL  BRIAN R. HUNT  EUGENIA KALNAY  EDWARD OTT  JAMES A. YORKE 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2005,57(4):528-545

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Measurements of beach pebble attrition in Palliser Bay, southern North Island, New Zealand     

ERIC R. MATTHEWS 《Sedimentology》1983,30(6):787-799

The beaches of Palliser Bay, exposed to oceanic waves from the south, are composed of mixed sand and gravel derived from mountain ranges of greywacke and argillite that rise above both sides of the bay. Beach gravel tracer experiments, each using up to 75 tonnes of limestone pebbles, were conducted at three sites. Increase in the roundness of these tracer pebbles at each site during the year of observation was compared with the increase in roundness and rate of weight loss of limestone and greywacke pebbles in a laboratory tumbler. The comparison enabled estimation of the rate of attrition of the natural beach pebbles. A weight loss of 41% per year was found for pebbles at the most exposed site and 15 and 7% at the other two sites.  相似文献   

Determination of Gallium at the ppb Level in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry     

J. ANDERSON  T.N. VAN DER WALT  F.W.E. STRELOW 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1985,9(1):17-18

Results are presented for the determination of trace amounts of gallium in two South African primary rock standards (MIMROCS) and in four secondary rock standards (SAROCS). Gallium is separated from all other elements, except traces of thorium, using a selective ion exchange separation procedure (1) and determined by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  相似文献   

Neutron-Capture Prompt Gamma-Ray Multielement Analysis of Twenty-Two Geochemical Reference Standards   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D.L. ANDERSON  Y. SUN  M.P. FAILEY  W.H. ZOLLER 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1985,9(2):219-228

Twenty-two geochemical reference standards obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (AGV-1, PCC-1, G-2, GSP-1, BHVO-1, MAG-1, QLO-1, RGM-1, SCo-1, SDC-1, SGR-1, STM-1, BIR-1, DNC-1, W-2, Nod A-1, Nod P-1), the National Bureau of Standards (SRM 278 Obsidian, SRM 688 Basalt), the International Atomic Energy Agency (Soil-5, SL-1 Lake Sediment), and Batelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (COS-1 Oil Shale) have been analyzed for up to twenty-one major, minor, and trace elements from the group of H, B, C, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Nd, Sm and Gd. The technique used, in-beam neutron-capture prompt γ-ray activation analysis (PGAA), is described and the data are compared to those from other studies.  相似文献