Solution of rare earth elements in silicate solid phases; henry's law revisited in light of defect chemistry     

Romano Morlotti  Giulio Ottonello 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1982,8(2):87-97

It is shown that experimentally observed departures from Henry's law at high dilution conditions for rare earth elements (REE) in garnet, clinopyroxene and plagioclase can be referred to stabilization in the lattice point defects. The solution process involves negative interaction parameters (?500/?3,000 cal for garnet). On the basis of the experimental data, the activity coefficients of the trace REE can be approximated by a model based on trace cation/cationic vacancy binary solid solution, taking into account association phenomena between them as well.  相似文献   

Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Periadriatic Fault System (Alps)     

Wolfgang Müller  Giacomo Prosser  Neil S. Mancktelow  Igor M. Villa  Simon P. Kelley  Giulio Viola  Felix Oberli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,90(3):623-653

Fault rocks from various segments of the Periadriatic fault system (PAF; Alps) have been directly dated using texturally controlled Rb-Sr microsampling dating applied to mylonites, and both stepwise-heating and laser-ablation ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating applied to pseudotachylytes. The new fault ages place better constraints on tectonic models proposed for the PAF, particularly in its central sector. Along the North Giudicarie fault, Oligocene (E)SE-directed thrusting (29-32 Ma) is currently best explained as accommodation across a cogenetic restraining bend within the Oligocene dextral Tonale-Pustertal fault system. In this case, the limited jump in metamorphic grade observed across the North Giudicarie fault restricts the dextral displacement along the kinematically linked Tonale fault to ~30 km. Dextral displacement between the Tonale and Pustertal faults cannot be transferred via the Peio fault because of both Late Cretaceous fault ages (74-67 Ma) and sinistral transtensive fault kinematics. In combination with other pseudotachylyte ages (62-58 Ma), widespread Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extension is established within the Austroalpine unit, coeval with sedimentation of Gosau Group sediments. Early Miocene pseudotachylyte ages (22-16 Ma) from the Tonale, Pustertal, Jaufen and Passeier faults argue for a period of enhanced fault activity contemporaneous with lateral extrusion of the Eastern Alps. This event coincides with exhumation of the Penninic units and contemporaneous sedimentation within fault-bound basins.  相似文献   

The DAV and Periadriatic fault systems in the Eastern Alps south of the Tauern window     

Neil S. Mancktelow  Daniel F. Stöckli  Balz Grollimund  Wolfgang Müller  Bernhard Fügenschuh  Giulio Viola  Diane Seward  Igor M. Villa 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,90(3):593-622

Alpine deformation of Austroalpine units south of the Tauern window is dominated by two kinematic regimes. Prior to intrusion of the main Periadriatic plutons at ~30 Ma, the shear sense was sinistral in the current orientation, with a minor north-side-up component. Sinistral shearing locally overprints contact metamorphic porphyroblasts and early Periadriatic dykes. Direct Rb-Sr dating of microsampled synkinematic muscovite gave ages in the range 33-30 Ma, whereas pseudotachylyte locally crosscutting the mylonitic foliation gave an interpreted ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar age of ~46 Ma. The transition from sinistral to dextral (transpressive) kinematics related to the Periadriatic fault occurred rapidly, between solidification of the earlier dykes and of the main plutons. Subsequent brittle-ductile to brittle faults are compatible with N-S to NNW-SSE shortening and orogen-parallel extension. Antithetic Riedel shears are distinguished from the previous sinistral fabric by their fine-grained quartz microstructures, with local pseudotachylyte formation. One such pseudotachylyte from Speikboden gave a ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar age of 20 Ma, consistent with pseudotachylyte ages related to the Periadriatic fault. The magnitude of dextral offset on the Periadriatic fault cannot be directly estimated. However, the jump in zircon and apatite fission-track ages establishes that the relative vertical displacement was ~4-5 km since 24 Ma, and that movement continued until at least 13 Ma.  相似文献   

Energy flow and elemental concentrations in the Steina River ecosystem (Black Forest, Germany)     

Giulio P. Genoni  Elisabeth I. Meyer  Andrea Ulrich 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(2):143-157

Considering food web energetics and elemental cycling together allows the testing of hypotheses about the coevolution of biological systems and their physical environment. We investigated the energy flow and the distribution of 25 elements in the Steina River.¶We constructed an annual energy flow network and estimated the emergy ("embodied energy" that includes all the energy involved in a process) contributions of resources sustaining the system. Furthermore, we measured the concentration of various macronutrients, essential elements, and heavy metals in the physical environment and trophic compartments. Finally, we examined the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the "rarity" of an element and its tendency to bioaccumulate. To do so, we used transformity, the relative energy input required to sustain a compartment's net production or the concentration differential of an element between the living community and the physical environment.¶The resulting energy flow network is one of the most complete available for streams. In the Steina, over 99% of the energy input is transported through the system without being processed. Dissolved inorganic matter and sunlight are the largest inputs, but uptake efficiency is much higher for dissolved and particulate organic matter. Transformities of trophic compartments and elements span 6 to 7 orders of magnitude.¶The tendency to bioaccumulate was as predicted for most elements, with macronutrients showing no accumulation and heavy elements accumulating in high-transformity compartments. However, Na and K were found at highest concentrations in consumers, and Pb, Ga, and Cd in algae. Improved estimates may become possible as more knowledge is available on ecosystem flows. We suggest further ways of testing hypotheses about strategies of element processing.  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical Precursors in Kamchatka (Russia) Related to the Strongest Earthquakes in 1988–1997     

Biagi  P. F.  Ermini  A.  Cozzi  E.  Khatkevich  Y. M.  Gordeev  E. I. 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(2-3):263-276

The Kamchatka peninsula, located in the far east of Russia, is a geologically active margin where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the North American and Eurasia plates. This area is characterised by frequent and strong seismic activity (magnitudes up to 8.5) and epicentres are generally distributed offshore along the eastern coast of the peninsula. For many years, hydrogeochemicals have been collected with a mean sampling frequency of three days in the form of the flow rate and the most common ions and gases in the groundwater of three deep wells in the southern area of the Kamchatka peninsula, where the capital city Petropavlovsk is located. Beginning in 1988, five earthquakes with M > 6.5 occurred in this area. These earthquakes were powerful enough to be considered as potential precursor sources in the sense that the stresses and strains building up before them might be expected to cause precursory activity. In order to reveal any possible precursors of these earthquakes, we analysed the hydrogeochemical data collected. We considered any signal having an amplitude three times the standard deviation to be an irregularity and we defined as an anomaly the existence of an irregularity occurring simultaneously in more than one parameter at each well. Then, on the basis of the worldwide past results and the time recurrence of the quoted earthquakes, we chose 158 days as the maximum temporal window between a possible anomaly and the subsequent earthquake. We identified some premonitory anomalies in hydrogeochemical parameters at different wells. On the basis of these results some earthquake forecasting criteria in southern Kamchatka may be tentatively formulated  相似文献   

Kaledonische,herzynische und alpidische Ereignisse im Mittelostalpin nördlich der westlichen Hohen Tauern,abgeleitet aus petrographischen und geochronologischen Untersuchungen     

Dr. Muharrem Satir  Prof. Dr. Giulio Morteani 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(1):1-40

Zusammenfassung Die Schwazer Augengneise (Kellerjoch-Gneise) und die Steinkogelschiefer wurden petrographisch und geochronologisch untersucht. Die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise zeigen eine prograde Metamorphose der Amphibolitfazies. Sie liegen auf den schwächer metamorphen Innsbrucker Quarzphylliten und unter den ebenfalls schwächer metamorphen Gesteinen der Grauwackenzone, nördlich der westlichen Hohen Tauern (Tirol, Salzburg, Österreich). Aufgrund des kombinierten Compston-Jeffery- und Nicolaysen-Diagramms ist das Sedimentationsalter des Eduktes der Steinkogelschiefer 540 Mio. Jahre. Das Alter der Platznahme des Eduktes der Schwazer Augengneise ist wahrscheinlich 425 Mio. Jahre. Eine kaledonische Metamorphose ist nicht nachweisbar.Die herzynische Metamorphose verursachte sowohl in den Schwazer Augengneisen als auch in den Steinkogelschiefern eine vollständige Sr-Homogenisierung im Gesamtgestein. Die Rb-Sr-Isochrone der Schwazer Augengneise ergibt ein Alter von 322±24 Mio. Jahren bei einem Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-Isotopenverhältnis von 0.7180±0.0024. Die Rb-Sr-Isochrone der Steinkogelschiefer definiert ein Alter von 347±30 Mio. Jahren, bei einem Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-Verhältnis von 0.7150±0.0021. Die herzynischen Phengite aus den Schwazer Augengneisen ergeben mit der Rb-Sr-Methode ein Abkühlungsalter von 273 bzw. 260 Mio. Jahren. Die K-Ar-Phengit- und Muscovitalter sind Mischalter, welche zwischen dem Alter der herzynischen und dem der frühalpinen Metamorphose liegen. Das frühalpine Ereignis wird durch Rb-Sr-Biotitalter um 90 Mio. Jahre erfaßt. Dieses Alter entspricht dem Zeitpunkt der Abkühlung der Gesteine unter 300 °C vor dem frühalpinen Deckenschub.Die K-Ar-Alter der Biotite sind geologisch nicht interpretierbar, da sie Ar-Überschuß zeigen.Die Überlagerung der Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite durch die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise ist wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis eines herzynischen Deckenbaus. Die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise könnten daher nicht zur mittelostalpinen Deckeneinheit gehören, sondern tektonisch gesehen, Teil des unterlagernden unterostalpinen Innsbrucker Quarzphyllites sein.

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Petrology and geochronology of the Schwazer Augengneis (Kellerjochgneis) and of the Steinkogelschiefer north of the western Tauern Window have been investigated. The Steinkogelschiefer are garnet-mica schists, the Schwazer Augengneis is an orthoaugengneiss. Both rock units show a prograde metamorphism of the amphibolite facies and are interbedded between the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite and the Grauwackenzone. The Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite and the rocks of the Grauwackenzone clearly show in respect to the Schwazer Augengneis and the rocks of the Steinkogelschiefer unit a lower metamorphic grade of the greenschist facies. From combined Compston-Jeffery- and Nicolaysen-diagrams the age of the sediments from which the mica schists of the Steinkogelschiefer unit derives is 540 m. y. The age of the intrusion of the magma from which the Schwazer orthoaugengneis later originated is probably 425 m. y. A Caledonian metamorphism could not be demonstrated by radiometry. In the Schwazer Augengneis as well as in the paragneisses of the Steinkogelschiefer unit a complete Sr-homogenisation was produced by the hercynian metamorphism. An age of 322±24 m. y. and a Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-ratio of 0.7180±0.0024 result from a Rb-Sr-Isochrone of the Schwazer Augengneis. The RbSr-Isochrone of the Steinkogelschiefer defines an age of 347±30 m. y. and a Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-ratio of 0.7150±0.0021. From the Rb-Sr-method a cooling age of 273 and 260 m. y. is established for the phengites from the Schwazer Augengneis.K-Ar-ages of the muscovites and of the phengites are mixed ages between the hercynian and that of the eoalpine metamorphism. The eoalpine metamorphism is dated by the Rb-Sr-age of the biotites (90 m. y.). This age corresponds to the cooling of the rocks below a temperature of 300 °C before the eoalpine nappe transport.K-Ar-ages of the biotites show excess argon and are therefore from a geological point of view meaningless. From petrological and geochronological data it cannot be demonstrated that the tectonic position of the Schwazer Augengneis and of the Steinkogelschiefer unit on the top of the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit and under the Grauwackenzone is due to the alpine nappe transport.From a tectonic point of view, the Steinkogelschiefer and the Schwazer Augengneis therefore probably belongs to the middle austroalpine unit of the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit.

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Résumé Les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz (Kellerjochgneise) et les schistes de Steinkogel ont été étudiés par voie pétrographique et géochronologique.Tous deux montrent une métamorphose progradée du facies amphibolite. Ils reposent sur la série moins métamorphique des »Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit« et sous la Zone des grauwackes, également peu métamorphiques, au nord des »Hohe Tauern« occidentales Tyrol, Salzbourg, Autriche).Selon le diagramme combiné Compston-Jeffery et Nicolaysen l'âge de la sédimentation des schistes de Steinkogel est de 540 Mio. ans. L'âge de la sédimentation des gneiss oeillés de Schwaz est probablement 425 Mio. ans. Un métamorphisme calédonien ne peut être démontré.Le métamorphisme hercynien a causé — tant dans les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz que dans les schistes de Steinkogel — une homogénisation complète du Sic. L'isochrone RB/Sr des gneiss oeillés de Schwaz indique une âge de 322±24 Mio. ans et un rapport Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ de 0.7180±0.0024.L'isochrone Rb/Sr des schistes de Steinkogel indique un âge de 347±30 Mio. et un rapport Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ de 0.7150±0.0021. Les phengites hercyniennes dans les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz indiquent, selon la méthode Rb/Sr, un âge de refroidissement de 273 et 260 Mio. ans. Les âges K/Ar de la phengite et la muscovite sont des âges mixtes compris entre celui du métamorphisme hercynien et celui du métamorphisme évalpin.L'éveénement éoalpin est évalué à 90 Mio. ans (Rb/Sr-biotite). Cet âge correspond au moment du refroidissement des roches en-dessous de 300 °C avant al poussée des premières nappes alpines.Les âges K-Ar des biotites ne peuvent pas être interpretés géologiquement étant donné pu'ils montrent un excès d'Ar.Le recouvrement de l'»Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit« par les schistes de Steinkogel et les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz est probablement le résultat d'une tectonique hercynienne. Il en résulte que les schistes de Steinkogel et les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz ne pourraient pas faire partie de l'ensemble de la nappe austroalpine moyenne, mais vus tectoniquement, être une partie de la nappe austroalpine inférieure sous-jacente de l'»Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit«.

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(Kellerjoch-Gneise) Steinkogel. . - — , (, , ). Comston-Jeffery Nicolaysen'a , SteinKogel'a, 540 . , , , , 425 . . . - 322±24 Sr⁸⁷/Sr^8b 0,7180±0,0024. Steinkogel'a 347±30 0,7150± 0,0021. - 273–260 . , -, - . , -, - 90 . 300° , - . , . . . - Steinkogel'a , , . - , , , -- .

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A comparative analysis of three habitat suitability models for commercial yield estimation of Tapes philippinarum in a North Adriatic coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vincenzi S  Caramori G  Rossi R  De Leo GA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,55(10-12):579-590

Habitat Suitability (HS) models have been extensively used by conservation planners to estimate the spatial distribution of threatened species and of species of commercial interest. In this work we compare three HS models for the estimation of commercial yield potential and the identification of suitable sites for Tapes philippinarum rearing in the Sacca di Goro lagoon (Italy) on the basis of six environmental factors. The habitat suitability index (HSI) is based on expert opinion while the habitat suitability conditional (HSC) is calibrated on observational data. The habitat suitability mixed (HSM) model is a two-part model combining expert knowledge and regression analysis: the first component of the model uses logistic regression to identify the areas in which clams are likely to be present; the second part applies the same parameter-specific suitability functions of the HSI model only in the areas previously identified as productive by the logistic component. The HS models were validated on an independent data set and estimates of potential yield of the Goro lagoon were compared. The effectiveness of the three approaches is then discussed in terms of predicted yield and identification of suitable sites for farming.  相似文献   

Mineralisation of amethyst-bearing geodes in Ametista do Sul (Brazil) from low-temperature sedimentary brines: evidence from monophase liquid inclusions and stable isotopes     

H. Albert Gilg  Yves Krüger  Heinrich Taubald  Alfons M. van den Kerkhof  Martin Frenz  Giulio Morteani 《Mineralium Deposita》2014,49(7):861-877

Fluid inclusion studies in combination with hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur isotope data provide novel insights into the genesis of giant amethyst-bearing geodes in Early Cretaceous Paraná continental flood basalts at Amestita do Sul, Brazil. Monophase liquid inclusions in colourless quartz, amethyst, calcite, barite and gypsum were analysed by microthermometry after stimulating bubble nucleation using single femtosecond laser pulses. The salinity of the fluid inclusions was determined from ice-melting temperatures and a combination of prograde and retrograde homogenisation temperatures via the density maximum of the aqueous solutions. Four mineralisation stages are distinguished. In stage I, celadonite, chalcedony and pyrite formed under reducing conditions in a thermally stable environment. Low δ³⁴S_V-CDT values of pyrite (?25 to ?32?‰) suggest biogenic sulphate reduction by organotrophic bacteria. During the subsequent stages II (amethyst, goethite and anhydrite), III (early subhedral calcite) and IV (barite, late subhedral calcite and gypsum), the oxidation state of the fluid changed towards more oxidising conditions and microbial sulphate reduction ceased. Three distinct modes of fluid salinities around 5.3, 3.4 and 0.3 wt% NaCl-equivalent characterise the mineralisation stages II, III and IV, respectively. The salinity of the stage I fluid is unknown due to lack of fluid inclusions. Variation in homogenisation temperatures and in δ¹⁸O values of amethyst show evidence of repeated pulses of ascending hydrothermal fluids of up to 80–90 °C infiltrating a basaltic host rock of less than 45 °C. Colourless quartz and amethyst formed at temperatures between 40 and 80 °C, while the different calcite generations and late gypsum precipitated at temperatures below 45 °C. Calculated oxygen isotope composition of the amethyst-precipitating fluid in combination with δD values of amethyst-hosted fluid inclusions (?59 to ?51?‰) show a significant ¹⁸O-shift from the meteoric water line. This ¹⁸O-shift, high salinities of the fluid inclusions with chloride-sulphate composition, and high δ³⁴S values of anhydrite and barite (7.5 to 9.9?‰) suggest that sedimentary brines from deeper parts of the Guaraní aquifer system must have been responsible for the amethyst mineralisation.  相似文献   

Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Rhine Basin (North-West Germany) and the Valle Ricca pits (Central Italy)     

Claudio Arias  Giulio Bigazzi  Francescopaolo Bonadonna  Karl Brunnacker  Brigitte Urban 《Quaternary Science Reviews》1984,3(1):73-89

Biostratigraphic and palaeomagnetic research has been carried out on selected profiles in North-Western Germany and Central Italy in order to correlate Plio-Pleistocene sections.Around the Réunion subchronozone, vegetation in the Valle Ricca was dominated by a mountain forest type pointing to cool climatic conditions. In the Lower Rhine Basin vegetation had a slightly warmer character, but was also dominated strongly by a mountain type of forest vegetation, characteristic of cooler summers and higher precipitation than at present.Two warmer periods have been determined in the Central Italian profiles; the youngest around the Olduvai reversal, should correspond to the youngest Tiglian beds of the Lower Rhine Basin.Deposits older than the Réunion subzone have not been found in the Valle Ricca. In the Lower Rhine Basin, on the other hand, the Gauss-Matuyama boundary is located between the uppermost Pliocene, the Reuverian C and the Praetiglian.  相似文献   

Energy and long-range disorder in simple spinels     

Antonio Della Giusta  Giulio Ottonello 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1994,20(8):626-626

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