Second homes and local development: Issues arising from Cape Town's De Waterkant     

Gustav Visser 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):259-271

The paper aims to make a contribution towards addressing the current paucity of academic reflection on second home development in South Africa. The paper focuses on the intersection between tourism, second homes and local development, as embodied in the empirical realities of a Cape Town neighbourhood — De Waterkant. It is argued that this particular case study presents an example of the types of local development impacts that second home expansion holds for host communities. These impacts include employment generation, urban conservation, a range of forward and backward economic linkages, as well as a flexible tourist accommodation supply. Moreover, the case study elucidates an interesting example of second homes as sites of simultaneous tourism space production and consumption at work. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Übersicht über die vulkanische Tätigkeit 1954–1956     

Gustav Hantke 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1959,20(1):3-33

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Die Küste Dithmarschens im Kartenbild von 1559     

Gustav Jacoby 《Ocean Dynamics》1958,11(4):166-177

Zusammenfassung Seit langer Zeit liegt in der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien ein Karten-Unikum: der Original-Holzschnitt von Petrus Boeckels Karte von Dithmarschen wÄhrend der Unterwerfung 1559. Eine ganze Reihe von Nachbildungen bis etwa 1608 und sodann ein Kupferstich in einer — inzwischen recht selten gewordenen — Chronik von A. Vieth, 1733, haben in der Literatur zu Verwechslungen und Irrtümern Anla\ gegeben. Wahrscheinlich, weil die meisten Verfasser, bis in neueste Zeiten, das Original in Wien nie gesehen haben.Zu einer Besprechung der Originalkarte erwies es sich zuallererst als nötig, die verschiedenen Karten ganz scharf zu unterscheiden, um erneute Mi\verstÄndnisse zu vermeiden. — Im folgenden sollen die Karten einzeln behandelt und ihre Beziehungen oder AbhÄngigkeiten klargestellt werden (vgl. Tab. 1, S. 167). Dazu war es erforderlich, wo dies nur irgend ging, den Bildma\stab der BlÄtter als eines der wichtigen Unterscheidungsmittel trotz vieler schwerwiegender zeichnerischer Verzerrungen zu berechnen.Diese topographischen Verzerrungen beeintrÄchtigen aber nicht die hervorragende Leistung Boeckels, der damals in einer Zeit grö\ter Fortschritte der Kartographie eine landmesserische Arbeit zustande gebracht hat, die nicht hoch genug bewertet werden kann. Dieser Gesichtspunkt soll durch Vergleich mit zeitgenössischen Karten gewürdigt werden.

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The coast of Dithmarschen as it is represented on maps edited in about 1559 and later

Summary For a long time, the National Library of Austria in Vienna is holding the unique of a map: the original wood engraving by Petrus Boeckel showing the land of Dithmarschen (Schleswig-Holstein) at the time of the conquest by King Frederic II of Denmark and the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein in 1559. Quite a number of copies dating from the time between 1559 to about 1608 and a copper engraving, included in a chronicle — now rare — by Vieth 1733, gave rise to many confusion and mistakes in literature, apparently due to the fact that, up to the present time, most of the authors never saw the original wood engraving itself.The discussion of the original map made it necessary to first clearly discriminate between the different maps in order to avoid new misunderstandings. For this reason, the maps in question are individually discussed and their interdependency is laid open (cf. table 1, page 167). Another requirement was the computation of the maps' scales as one of the most discriminative means; this had to be done whenever such computation proved feasible and in spite of many grave topographic distortions residing in the drawing.The topographic distortions may, however, not be regarded as detrimental to Boeckel's remarkable achievement who, at an epoch of eminent progress in cartography, accomplished a survey work of great value. In support of this appreciation a comparison is made with contemporary maps.

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La cÔte du pays des Dithmarses comme elle se trouve représentée sur les cartes géographiques parues en et après 1559

Résumé La Librairie Nationale de l'Autriche à Vienne possède depuis longtemps l'exemplaire unique d'une carte géographique: l'Original de la gravure sur bois par Petrus Boeckel. Cette gravure représente le pays des Dithmarses à l'époque de sa conquÊte en 1559 par le roi Frédéric II de Danemark et les ducs de Slesvig-Holstein. Toute une série de copies publiées jusqu'à 1608 environ ainsi qu'une gravure en taille douce — entretemps devenue très rare — qui fait part d'une chronique de 1733 par A. Vieth, ont donné lieu, en littérature, à des confusions et des erreurs, apparemment dues au fait que la plupart des auteurs n'ont jamais eu l'occasion de regarder de leurs propres yeux l'original à Vienne.La discussion de la carte originale exigea en premier lieu, de séparer nettement les diverses cartes pour éviter la formation d'autres erreurs. Pour cette raison, le travail actuel soumet les cartes en question à une étude individuelle (voir le tableau 1, page 167). Le calcul de l'échelle des cartes différentes s'étant montré un des moyens de distinction les plus essentiels, on s'est mis dans ce travail à ce calcul malgré le grand nombre de graves distortions au point de vue du dessin.Ces distorsions topographiques ne déprécient pas, cependant, la valeur des remarquables travaux cartographiques de Boeckel, qui a effectué des levés topographiques d'une grande utilité à une époque d'éminents progrès dans le domaine de la cartographie. Pour soutenir cet aspect, la carte de Boeckel est comparée avec des cartes géographiques contemporaines.

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Übersicht über die vulkanische Tätigkeit 1951–1953     

Gustav Hantke 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1955,16(1):71-113

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Sedimentary Trace Elements as Proxies to Depositional Changes Induced by a Holocene Fresh-Brackish Water Transition     

John Sternbeck  Gustav Sohlenius  Rolf O. Hallberg 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2000,6(3):325-345

A halocline developed in the GotlandDeep, Baltic Sea, at c. 8.0 ¹⁴C ky BP, as theresult of a transition from fresh to brackish water.The sediment-water interface changed from oxic topredominantly anoxic, depositional conditions wereperiodically euxinic and pyrite formation wasextensive. This environmental change led topyritization of the upper part of earlier depositedsediments. This study discusses how the distributionof trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Co, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb,U, Zn and V) were affected by the changing redoxconditions, productivity and salinity. The reducingconditions led to pyritization of Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Mo,Mn and As. Lead and Zn concentrations are very low inpyrite, in agreement with their coordination tosulfide being tetrahedral. Certain elements areenriched in those sediments deposited under euxinicconditions. This enrichment was caused by scavengingof elements dissolved in the water column and isrestricted to elements that have a comparably longresidence time in the Baltic Sea. Molybdenum appearsto be the most unambigious proxy for euxinicconditions, whereas enrichment of U also requiresbrackish water in the productive zone. In the brackishenvironment, enrichment of Ba and V are linked to thecycling of organic carbon. Manganese and As are theonly elements that have been significantly remobiliseddue to the downward moving pyritization front.  相似文献   

Formation and growth of multiple,distinct ice lenses in frost heave     

Hao Gao  Seyed Ali Ghoreishian Amiri  Signe Kjelstrup  Gustav Grimstad  Benoit Loranger  Elena Scibilia 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2023,47(1):82-105

This paper presents a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model which simulates frost heave in fully saturated soils. The model is able to simulate the formation and growth of multiple distinct ice lenses. The basic equations of the system were derived using the continuum theory of mixtures, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and fracture mechanics, considering skeleton deformation, water flow and heat transport. Central to this model is the coupled transport of mass due to the temperature gradient across the frozen fringe, which acts as the main driving force of the phenomenon. The model is formulated in terms of measurable physical properties and thus no ad hoc parametrization is required. In an ice-lens-free state, the system is solved as a continuum using the finite element method (FEM). It is then locally treated as a discontinuous system upon the formation of ice lens, by enriching the elements carrying the embedded ice lens(es) using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model has been verified using several laboratory tests on Devon silt samples at different overburden pressures and thermal boundary conditions. Shut-off pressures have been also estimated and compared with the experimental results.  相似文献   

Discussion of ‘Soil creep effects on ground lateral deformation and pore water pressure under embankments’     

Gustav Grimstad  Mohammad Ali Haji Ashrafi  Samson Abate Degago  Arnfinn Emdal  Steinar Nordal 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2016,11(1):86-93

Settlement analysis of field cases is normally studied based on parameters interpreted from laboratory samples influenced by varying degrees of sample disturbance. Such disturbance is more pronounced in natural soft clays and could significantly affect the engineering properties of the soil, e.g. the over consolidation ratio (OCR) and compressibility index (C_c). Hence, it is vital to understand the role of sample quality in relation to soil characterisation for long-term settlement analyses. In this work, this is numerically illustrated by use of a simple creep model along with realistic parameter selection. This work takes its starting point on critical discussion of the work presented by Fatahi et al. (2013) and uses the opportunity to further clarify some important aspects of settlement/creep analyses in light of sample quality and parameter interpretation valid for the corresponding constitutive model.  相似文献   

THE NATURES OF MAPS: Cartographic Constructions of the Natural World. By Denis Wood and John Fels.     

William Gustav Gartner 《Geographical review》2010,100(3):433-435

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NGI‐ADP: Anisotropic shear strength model for clay     

Gustav Grimstad  Lars Andresen  Hans P. Jostad 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(4):483-497

Many geotechnical problems involve undrained behavior of clay and the capacity in undrained loading. Most constitutive models used today are effective stress based and only indirectly obtain values for the undrained shear strength. To match the design profiles of undrained shear strengths, in active (A), direct simple shear (D) and passive (P) modes of loading are complicated. This paper presents the elastoplastic constitutive model NGI‐ADP which is based on the undrained shear strength approach with direct input of shear strengths. Consequently, exact match with design undrained shear strengths profiles is obtained and the well‐known anisotropy of undrained shear strength and stiffness is accounted for in the constitutive model. A non‐linear stress path‐dependent hardening relationship is used, defined from direct input of failure strains in the three directions of shearing represented by triaxial compression, direct simple shear and triaxial extension. With its clear input parameters the model has significant advantages for design analysis of undrained problems. The constitutive model is implemented, into finite element codes, with an implicit integration scheme. Its performance is demonstrated by a finite element analysis of a bearing capacity problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A model approach for in- and outflow calculation of upper lake constance: —An investigation of a 60 year time span and observations about the flood of 1999     

Gustav Wagner  Heinz Gerd Schrder  Joachim Gurtz 《Limnologica》2002,32(1)

The revised empirical model for in- and outflow calculation of Upper Lake Constance has provided satisfying results supported by measured values. The given model was implemented to simulate total water inputs of the lake during the period from 1941 to 2000 with emphasis on the flood conditions of 1999. Analysis of annual water input development reveals a tendency toward slight increases until the 1960s. Thereafter, a reduction in inputs can be noted. This trend probably continues to hold true to present. Weather conditions of given individual years have caused distinct fluctuations to the water budget.Unusual meteorological conditions led to extreme flooding in early May of 1999. Daily water inputs of up to 200 mio m³ generated the highest water levels ever observed for this time of the year. Continual extraordinarily high water inputs occurring from February until July and then again from September until the end of 1999 resulted in the second largest annual total water input recorded since 1941.  相似文献