Firm entry modes and Chinese business networks: Malaysian investments in Vietnam          下载免费PDF全文

Guanie Lim 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2016,37(2):176-194

This paper examines the Malaysian Chinese firms that have expanded into Vietnam. Based on research and qualitative personal interviews with Malaysian Chinese firms that have invested in Vietnam, the paper unpacks the entry modes that these firms have undertaken. It argues that the Malaysian Chinese firms prefer joint ventures in their Vietnamese businesses to wholly‐owned subsidiaries and personal direct investments. This paper also argues that such investments are often embedded in social and intraethnic ties, which connect Malaysian Chinese firms with Vietnam's ethnic Chinese businessmen. To this end, these firms tend to rely on informal ties and nonmarket institutions in the form of the ethnic Chinese business networks. Nevertheless, the Malaysian Chinese firms are not averse to collaborating with nonethnic Chinese firms that enjoy a good relationship with the Vietnamese state. This observation is especially marked in the property and construction, and finance sectors.  相似文献   

A second-order particle tracking method     

Seok Lee  Heung-Jae Lie  Kyu-Min Song  Chong-Jeanne Lim 《Ocean Science Journal》2005,40(4):201-208

An accurate particle tracking method for a finite difference method model is developed using a constant acceleration method. Being assumed constant temporal and spatial gradients, the new method permits temporal-spatial variability of particle velocity. Test results in a solid rotating flow show that the new method has second-order accuracy. The performance of the new method is compared with that of other methods; the first-order Euler forward method, and the second-order Euler predictorcorrector method. The new method is the most efficient method among the three. It is more accurate and efficient than the other two.  相似文献   

Water surface resonance in the L-shaped channel of seawater exchange breakwater     

Changhoon Lee  Dal Soo Lee 《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(18):2423-2436

The resonance period of the L-shaped channel in the caisson is predicted analytically for the seawater exchange breakwater of “Applicability Study of the Seawater Exchange Breakwater (1). Korea Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (in Korean) (1999a)”. Hydraulic experiments are conducted for a composite breakwater with a rear reservoir that is one of the seawater exchange breakwaters developed by them. For regular waves, the water surface elevation in the channel and the flow rate through the breakwater are measured. For irregular waves, the flow rate through the breakwater and the reflection coefficient on the breakwater are measured. The resonant maximum values in both the surface elevation and the flow rate, and the resonant minimum values in the reflection coefficient are all at wave periods slightly longer than analytically predicted ones. The measured resonance period for irregular waves is closer to the predicted one than for regular waves. If the resonance period of the L-shaped channel is fitted to the dominant period of incident waves, there would be high efficiency of seawater exchange between inside and outside the harbor.  相似文献   

Geochemical-mineralogical-characteristics of the pre-Holocene sediments in Haenam Bay, west coast of Korea     

D. I. Lim  H. N. Kim  H. S. Jung 《Geo-Marine Letters》2003,22(4):210-217

The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of pre-Holocene core sediments from Haenam Bay, southwest coast of Korea, were examined for post-depositional diagenetic changes and used to assess the provenance of fine-grained sediments in the region. The geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the sediments vary very little with core depth (Holocene to pre-Holocene age), except for the upper part of the pre-Holocene sedimentary layer. In this case, smectite and chlorite are depleted, presumably due to intensive subaerial weathering and low pH conditions. Highly mobile elements (Ca, Mg, Na and K) were likely removed with the breakdown of labile minerals, such as carbonate minerals, feldspar, and clay minerals, during subaerial exposure of this layer, resulting in low weathering indices. In particular, the low smectite content (<5%) and low V/Al ratio (<13) suggest that the Holocene and pre-Holocene sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea did not originate from mainland China but rather mostly from the Korean Peninsula. This aspect has been a subject of debate since the mid-1970s.  相似文献   

Geochemical-mineralogical-characteristics of the pre-Holocene sediments in Haenam Bay, west coast of Korea     

D. I. Lim  H. N. Kim  H. S. Jung 《Geo-Marine Letters》2002,22(4):210-217

The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of pre-Holocene core sediments from Haenam Bay, southwest coast of Korea, were examined for post-depositional diagenetic changes and used to assess the provenance of fine-grained sediments in the region. The geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the sediments vary very little with core depth (Holocene to pre-Holocene age), except for the upper part of the pre-Holocene sedimentary layer. In this case, smectite and chlorite are depleted, presumably due to intensive subaerial weathering and low pH conditions. Highly mobile elements (Ca, Mg, Na and K) were likely removed with the breakdown of labile minerals, such as carbonate minerals, feldspar, and clay minerals, during subaerial exposure of this layer, resulting in low weathering indices. In particular, the low smectite content (<5%) and low V/Al ratio (<13) suggest that the Holocene and pre-Holocene sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea did not originate from mainland China but rather mostly from the Korean Peninsula. This aspect has been a subject of debate since the mid-1970s.  相似文献   

An Advanced Probabilistic Neural Network for the Design of Breakwater Armor Blocks     

Dookie KIM  Dong Hyawn KIM  Seongkyu CHANG  Gil Lim YOON 《中国海洋工程》2007,21(4):597-610

In this study,an advanced probabilistic neural network(APNN)method is proposed to reflect the global probability density function(PDF)by summing up the heterogeneous local PDF which is automatically determined in the individual standard deviation of variables.The APNN is applied to predict the stability number of armor blocks of breakwaters using the experimental data of van der Meer,and the estimated results of the APNN are compared with those of an empirical formula and a previous artificial neural network(ANN)model.The APNN shows better results in predicting the stability number of armor blocks of breakwater and it provided the promising probabilistic viewpoints by using the individual standard deviation in a variable.  相似文献   

Acute toxicity of heavy metals, tributyltin, ammonia and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to benthic amphipodgrandidierella japonica     

Jung -Suk Lee  Kyu -Tae Lee  Gyung Soo Park 《Ocean Science Journal》2005,40(2):61-66

Benthic amphipod,Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposedG . japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic toG. japonica, and Hg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene toG. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as K_ow and water solubility.G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity ofG. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.  相似文献   

Numerical Experiments of the Influences of the Transport Variation through the Korea Strait on the Japan/East Sea Upper Layer Circulation     

Sunghyea?ParkEmail author  Moon-Sik?Suk  Hui?Soo?An 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(1):155-165

Numerical experiments were performed in order to investigate the effects of variations of the transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait, an inlet of the Japan/East Sea, on the upper layer circulation in the JES based on a 10-month transport observation from May 1999 to March 2000 (Perkins et al., 2000). All external forcings to the model were annual mean fields, except the transport variation through the Korea Strait. In the experiments where the periodic variation of the transport repeated continuously sinusoidally by several periods, strong variability of sea surface height (SSH) was detected in the region extending from the Korea Strait to the Japanese coast due to the geostrophy of the buoyancy forcing at the Korea Strait. The region along the Korean coast is more sensitive to the long-term variations than the short-term (≤60-day period) ones. In two experiments forced by realistic and monthly mean transport, the difference of rms of sea surface height was largest at the Japanese coast and relatively large at the East Korean Warm Current separation region (128∼130°E, 39∼41°N) and to the east of Yamato Rise. The distribution of difference of eddy kinetic energy at 100 m depth between the two experiments was similar to that of the rms of SSH. In the distributions of mean SSH and mean kinetic energy at 100 m depth the realistic transport invokes eddy variability to interact with mean current resulting in the changes of the mean SSH and the mean kinetic energy at the East Korean Warm Current separation region, but it does not produce conspicuous changes in the mean fields of entire JES compared with the mean fields forced by the seasonal transport.  相似文献   

Late Quaternary sediments on the outer shelf of the Korea Strait and their paleoceanographic implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. I. Lim  S. Kang  H. S. Yoo  H. S. Jung  J. Y. Choi  H. N. Kim  I. H. Shin 《Geo-Marine Letters》2006,26(5):287-296

Sedimentological and micropaleontological characteristics of core sediments from the outer shelf of the Korea Strait, which connects the northern East China Sea and the East Sea (Sea of Japan), were investigated to elucidate the paleoceanographic environment, especially the timing of the Kuroshio inflow, since the last glacial maximum. The core sediments, containing continuous records of the last 15,000 years, are characterized by a relatively high mud content (more than 50%, on average) and well-developed tide-influenced sedimentary structures. Their mineralogy suggests that the material originated from the paleo-Nakdong River system, which extended across the shelf of the Korea Strait during low sea-level periods. Planktonic foraminifers reveal a series of well-defined changes in paleoceanographic conditions during the late Pleistocene–Holocene. Down-core variations in the abundance of four foraminiferal assemblages, i.e., cold, coastal, tropical–subtropical, and Kuroshio water groups comprising characteristic planktonic species, suggest the occurrence of a distinct paleoenvironmental change in the surface water at 7,000 years b.p., i.e., from 15,000 to 7,000 years b.p., the area was influenced by coastal waters whereas since ca. 7,000 years b.p., it has been under the influence of open-sea water related to the Kuroshio Current flow, associated with both higher temperature and higher salinity. In particular, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata increased markedly in abundance at this time, documenting the inflow of the Kuroshio into the study area. These data indicate that the coastal water stage terminated at ca. 7,000 years b.p. when the warm Kuroshio and its major branch, the Tsushima Current, began to flow into the East Sea, as is the case today. The intrusion of the Tsushima Current through the Korea Strait after ca. 7,000 years b.p. resulted in abrupt changes in sedimentation rates and a dramatic increase in abundance of the Kuroshio indicator species, P. obliquiloculata.  相似文献   

Ecotoxicological evaluation of sewage sludge using bioluminescent marine bacteria and rotifer     

Gyung Soo Park  Sang Hee Lee  Soung Yun Park  Seong Jin Yoon  Seung Min Lee  Chang Soo Chung  Gi -Hoon Hong  Suk Hyun Kim 《Ocean Science Journal》2005,40(2):91-100

Bioassay using the marine bacteria,Vibrio fischeri and rotifer,Brachionus plicatilis, and chemical analyses were conducted to assess the toxicity of the various sewage sludges, one of the major ocean dumped materials in the Yellow Sea of Korea. Sludge elutriates extracted by filtered seawater were used to estimate the ecotoxicity of the sludge. Chemical characterization included the analyses of organic contents, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants in sludge. Bacterial bioluminescent inhibition (15 min), rotifer mortality (24 hr) and rotifer population growth inhibition (48 hr) assay were conducted to estimate the sludge toxicity. EC50 15 min (inhibition concentration of bioluminescence after 15 minutes exposed) values by Microtox® bioassay clearly revealed different toxicity levels depending on the sludge sources. Highest toxicity for the bacteria was found with the sludge extract from dyeing waste and followed by industrial waste, livestock waste, and leather processing waste. Clear toxic effects on the bacteria were not found in the sludge extract from filtration bed sludge and rural sewage sludge. Consistent with Microtox® results, rotifer neonate mortality and population growth inhibition test also showed highest toxicity in dyeing waste and low in filtration bed and rural sewage sludge. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals were measured in the samples from the industrial wastes, leather processing plant waste sludge, and urban sewage sludge. However, there was no significant correlation between pollutant concentration levels and the toxicity values of the sludge. This suggests that the ecotoxicity in addition to the chemical analyses of various sludge samples must be estimated before release of potential harmful waste in the natural environment as part of an ecological risk assessment.  相似文献