Conduit properties and karstification in the unconfined Floridan aquifer   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Screaton E  Martin JB  Ginn B  Smith L 《Ground water》2004,42(3):338-346

Exchange of water between conduits and matrix is an important control on regional chemical compositions, karstification, and quality of ground water resources in karst aquifers. A sinking stream (Santa Fe River Sink) and its resurgence (River Rise) in the unconfined portion of the Floridan Aquifer provide the opportunity to monitor conduit inflow and outflow. The use of temperature as a tracer allows determination of residence times and velocities through the conduit system. Based on temperature records from two high water events, flow is reasonably represented as pipe flow with a cross-sectional area of 380 m2, although this model may be complicated by losses of water from the conduit system at higher discharge rates. Over the course of the study year, the River Rise discharged a total of 1.9 x 10(7) m3 more water than entered the River Sink, reflecting net contribution of ground water from the matrix into the conduit system. However, as River Sink discharge rates peaked following three rainfall events during the study period, the conduit system lost water, presumably into the matrix. Surface water in high flow events is typically undersaturated with respect to calcite and thus may lead to dissolution, depending on its residence time in the matrix. A calculation of local denudation is larger than other regional estimates, perhaps reflecting return of water to conduits before calcite equilibrium is reached. The exchange of matrix and conduit water is an important variable in karst hydrology that should be considered in management of these water resources.  相似文献   

Whiting events: biogenic origin due to the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacterial picoplankton   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Thompson JB  Schultze-Lam S  Beveridge TJ  Des Marais DJ 《Limnology and oceanography》1997,42(1):133-141

An annual whiting event occurs each year in late May to early June in Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. The initiation of this event correlates with exponential growth of the Synechococcus population within the lake. Synechococcus is the dominant (by approximately 4 orders of magnitude) autotrophic organism owing to the oligotrophic condition of the lake. The delta 13C values of the dissolved inorganic C range seasonally from -9.5% in winter to -6.2% in summer due to photosynthetic activity. Calcite precipitates principally in the microenvironment surrounding Synechococcus because of a photosynthetically driven alkalization process and the availability of the cells as nucleation sites. This calcite has a heavier delta 13C value (>4%) than does the dissolved inorganic C of the lake water owing to the cells' preferential uptake of 12C. A conceptual model suggests that photosynthetic activity and cell surface chemistry, together with the substantial surface area that arises from the great abundance of micron-sized cells, allow Synechococcus to dominate the annual whiting events in Fayetteville Green Lake.  相似文献   

Radiative heating of interstellar grains falling toward the solar nebula: 1-D diffusion calculations     

Simonelli DP  Pollack JB  McKay CP 《Icarus》1997,125(2):261-280

As the dense molecular cloud that was the precursor of our Solar System was collapsing to form a protosun and the surrounding solar-nebula accretion disk, infalling interstellar grains were heated much more effectively by radiation from the forming protosun than by radiation from the disk's accretion shock. Accordingly, we have estimated the temperatures experienced by these infalling grains using radiative diffusion calculations whose sole energy source is radiation from the protosun. Although the calculations are 1-dimensional, they make use of 2-D, cylindrically symmetric models of the density structure of a collapsing, rotating cloud. The temperature calculations also utilize recent models for the composition and radiative properties of interstellar grains (Pollack et al. 1994. Astrophys. J. 421, 615-639), thereby allowing us to estimate which grain species might have survived, intact, to the disk accretion shock and what accretion rates and molecular-cloud rotation rates aid that survival. Not surprisingly, we find that the large uncertainties in the free parameter values allow a wide range of grain-survival results: (1) For physically plausible high accretion rates or low rotation rates (which produce small accretion disks), all of the infalling grain species, even the refractory silicates and iron, will vaporize in the protosun's radiation field before reaching the disk accretion shock. (2) For equally plausible low accretion rates or high rotation rates (which produce large accretion disks), all non-ice species, even volatile organics, will survive intact to the disk accretion shock. These grain-survival conclusions are subject to several limitations which need to be addressed by future, more sophisticated radiative-transfer models. Nevertheless, our results can serve as useful inputs to models of the processing that interstellar grains undergo at the solar nebula's accretion shock, and thus help address the broader question of interstellar inheritance in the solar nebula and present Solar System. These results may also help constrain the size of the accretion disk: for example, if we require that the calculations produce partial survival of organic grains into the solar nebula, we infer that some material entered the disk intact at distances comparable to or greater than a few AU. Intriguingly, this is comparable to the heliocentric distance that separates the C-rich outer parts of the current Solar System from the C-poor inner regions.  相似文献   

Titan's greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects     

McKay CP  Pollack JB  Courtin R 《The Planetary report》1992,12(3):4-7

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Application of ultraviolet fluorometry and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) to fingerprint oil and chemically dispersed oil in seawater   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Bugden JB  Yeung CW  Kepkay PE  Lee K 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(4):677-685

Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was used to characterize the ultra violet fluorescence fingerprints of eight crude oils (with a 14,470-fold range of dynamic viscosity) in seawater. When the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 was mixed with the oils prior to their dispersion in seawater, the fingerprints of each oil changed primarily as an increase in fluorescence over an emission band centered on 445 nm. In order to simplify the wealth of information available in the excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEMs), two ratios were calculated. A 66-90% decrease in the slope ratio was observed with the addition of Corexit. When the slope ratios were reduced in complexity to intensity ratios, similar trends were apparent. As a result either of the ratios could be used as a simple and rapid means of identifying and monitoring chemically dispersed oil in the open ocean.  相似文献   

放射性碳限定了南极威德尔海冰盖的进退     

Ande.  JB 高莉玲 《海洋地质前沿》1999,(3):11-12

南极冰盖,尤其是西南极冰盖的稳定性是争论较多的一个话题,引发了理论大讨论。一些研究人员对西南极冰盖偶发崩裂的可能性进行了调查。饶有兴趣的是,这些文章的发表与北大西洋冰盖,尤其是劳伦泰德冰盖东区反复发生冰裂的证据作为一个重要的科学范例得到进一步充实几乎...  相似文献   

焉耆盆地北缘断裂全新世滑动速率及地震危险性     

黄伟亮  杨晓平  李胜强  杨海波 《地震地质》2018,(1)

天山是典型的陆内再生造山带,研究其现今内部断裂的变形特征和活动速率对于认识整个天山造山带的应变分配方式和变形过程具有重要意义。现今天山活动构造的研究大部分集中在天山两侧向盆地扩展的前缘部分,然而对于天山内部活动构造的定量化研究并不多见。该研究聚焦于南天山与其内部山间盆地之间的边界断裂——焉耆盆地北缘断裂,通过野外地质调查可将该断裂分为东西2段,其中东段逆冲断错了一系列山前洪积扇,形成了线性明显的陡坎地貌。通过利用高精度差分GPS对23组断层陡坎的测量,发现其垂向位移大致可分为1.9m、2.4m和3.0m 3组,推测单次地震的同震位移量为0.5~0.6m。其中保存于3.0m左右陡坎的地貌面为区域性地貌面,通过利用原地宇宙成因核素测定该地貌面的暴露年龄约为5ka,这与博斯腾湖沉积物所记录到冷暖气候交替的时间段相符,说明气候的冷暖变化控制了南天山前地貌面的形成和废弃。结合断层陡坎高度及地貌面年龄可得焉耆盆地北缘断裂东段5ka以来的倾滑速率为0.6~0.7mm/a,SN向的地壳缩短速率约为0.4mm/a,垂向滑动速率约为0.5mm/a。依据地震矩计算公式评估焉耆盆地北缘具有发生7.5级强震的可能性。该研究为认识现今天山的变形过程和变形方式提供定量化的数据支持,对于理解天山内部的强震发生地点和地震危险性具有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

李扬声自拟定眩方治疗眩晕38 例临床观察          下载免费PDF全文

李胜强  李扬声 《应用海洋学学报》2021,37(4):6

目的：观察李扬声自拟定眩方联合氟桂嗪胶囊治疗眩晕的临床疗效。方法：将76 例眩晕患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各38 例。对照组予氟桂嗪（脑灵）胶囊治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用李扬声自拟定眩方治疗。比较2组临床疗效,临床症状与功能评分,左侧椎动脉（LVA）、右侧椎动脉（RVA）血流动力学指标,血脂水平。结果：总有效率治疗组为89.47%（34/38）,对照组为73.68%（28/38）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组临床症状与功能评分、两侧椎动脉最大血流速度及其口径和血脂各项指标水平治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：李扬声自拟定眩方联合氟桂嗪胶囊治疗眩晕临床疗效显著,能有效缓解患者临床症状,改善椎动脉血流动力学及血脂各项指标水平,值得临床推广应用。  相似文献   

Effects of sonication and advanced chemical oxidants on the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta and cysts, larvae and adults of the brine shrimp Artemia salina: a prospective treatment to eradicate invasive organisms from ballast water   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gavand MR  McClintock JB  Amsler CD  Peters RW  Angus RA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(11):1777-1788

Uptake and release of ship-borne ballast water is a major factor contributing to introductions of aquatic phytoplankton and invasive macroinvertebrates. Some invasive unicellular algae can cause harmful algal blooms and produce toxins that build up in food chains. Moreover, to date, few studies have compared the efficacy of ballast water treatments against different life history phases of aquatic macroinvertebrates. In the present study, the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta, and three discrete life history phases of the brine shrimp Artemia salina, were independently used as model organisms to study the efficacy of sonication as well as the advanced oxidants, hydrogen peroxide and ozone, as potential ballast water treatments. Algal cells and brine shrimp cysts, nauplii, and adults were subjected to individual and combined treatments of sonication and advanced oxidants. Combined rather than individual treatments consistently yielded the highest levels of mortality in algal cells (100% over a 2 min exposure) and in brine shrimp (100% and 95% for larvae and adults, respectively, over a 2 min exposure). In contrast, mortality levels in brine shrimp cysts (66% over 2 min; increased to 92% over a 20 min exposure) were moderately high but consistently lower than that detected for larval or adult shrimp. Our results indicate that a combination of sonication and advanced chemical oxidants may be a promising method to eradicate aquatic unicellular algae and macroinvertebrates in ballast water.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical evolution of a landfill leachate plume, Norman, Oklahoma   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cozzarelli IM  Böhlke JK  Masoner J  Breit GN  Lorah MM  Tuttle ML  Jaeschke JB 《Ground water》2011,49(5):663-687

Leachate from municipal landfills can create groundwater contaminant plumes that may last for decades to centuries. The fate of reactive contaminants in leachate-affected aquifers depends on the sustainability of biogeochemical processes affecting contaminant transport. Temporal variations in the configuration of redox zones downgradient from the Norman Landfill were studied for more than a decade. The leachate plume contained elevated concentrations of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) (up to 300 mg/L), methane (16 mg/L), ammonium (650 mg/L as N), iron (23 mg/L), chloride (1030 mg/L), and bicarbonate (4270 mg/L). Chemical and isotopic investigations along a 2D plume transect revealed consumption of solid and aqueous electron acceptors in the aquifer, depleting the natural attenuation capacity. Despite the relative recalcitrance of NVDOC to biodegradation, the center of the plume was depleted in sulfate, which reduces the long-term oxidation capacity of the leachate-affected aquifer. Ammonium and methane were attenuated in the aquifer relative to chloride by different processes: ammonium transport was retarded mainly by physical interaction with aquifer solids, whereas the methane plume was truncated largely by oxidation. Studies near plume boundaries revealed temporal variability in constituent concentrations related in part to hydrologic changes at various time scales. The upper boundary of the plume was a particularly active location where redox reactions responded to recharge events and seasonal water-table fluctuations. Accurately describing the biogeochemical processes that affect the transport of contaminants in this landfill-leachate-affected aquifer required understanding the aquifer's geologic and hydrodynamic framework.  相似文献