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11.
This paper is an introduction to the special issue on a role of participation in dealing with the interactions between environment and fisheries. In this introduction, we explore the recent discussion on the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management (EBAFM) and extract important points for implementation of EBAFM from the social science literature on participation and participatory processes in environmental management. The introduction finishes by describing the analytical framework for studying participatory processes. 相似文献
12.
The relationship between stakeholder participation (SP) and the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management (EBAFM) is often taken for granted, but is actually very complicated. The literature reveals five possible interpretations of this relationship: that they are (1) logically linked; (2) ethically linked; (3) instrumentally linked; (4) complementarily linked and (5) antagonistically linked. We examine these five formulations in the light of recent research on interactions between fisheries and their environment and conclude that the SP/EBAFM relationship manifests itself as predominantly instrumental in character. 相似文献
13.
14.
A FORTRAN Program for tabulating and naming amphibole analyses according to the International Mineralogical Association Scheme 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N. M. S. Rock 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1987,37(1):79-88
Summary Amphibole analyses input to program AMPHTAB (optionally with H2O, F, Cl, minor elements and one or both of Fe2O3, FeO), are output in conventional column tables, with formula units, complete IMA names, and extensive messages indicating the quality of each analysis. AMPHTAB accepts data-files ranging from a single amphibole analysis to (in principle) unlimited batched data-e.g., multiple analyses from each of numerous probe sections. Options are provided to reallocate total Fe in probe data between Fe3 and Fe2, to allow for common analytical problems (e.g., low H2O values), and to enable the number of oxygens in the formula unit to be either preset or assigned automatically. Results for 57 probe analyses are compared with an unpublished BASIC program, which uses a different Fe-reallocation method. Three-quarters of the IMA names resulting from the two programs are essentially identical, despite somewhat different estimated formula units. The remainder are borderline cases, where incidental changes in formula units effect disproportionate differences in name.
Ein FORTRAN-Programm zum tabellieren und benennen von amphibolanalysen entsprechend dem Schema der International Mineralogical Association
Zusammenfassung In das Programm eingegebene Amphibolanalysen (wahlweise mit H2O, F, Cl, Spurenelementen und Fe2O3, und/oder FeO), werden in Form herkömmlicher Spaltentabellen mit den Formeleinheiten, vollständigen IMA-Namen und ausführlichen Bemerkungen bezüglich der Analysenqualität ausgegeben. Das AMPHTAB-Programm verarbeitet Datensätze von einer einzigen Amphibolanalyse bis zu (im Prinzip) unbegrenzten Datenblöcken; z. B. Mehrfachanalysen eines Probenabschnittes von mehreren. Es sind die Möglichkeiten vorgesehen, das Gesamteisen in einer Analyse in die Fe3 und Fe2-Anteile umzurechnen, allgemeine analytische Probleme (z. B. niedrige H2O-Gehalte) zu lösen und die Anzahl der Sauerstoffatome in der Formeleinheit entweder vorzugeben oder automatisch setzen zu lassen. Die Resultate von 57 Mikrosonden-Analysen sind mit einem unveröffentlichten BASICProgramm, das eine andere Methode zur Aufteilung des Fe-Gehaltes benutzt, verglichen worden. Drei Viertel der von den beiden Programmen vorgeschlagenen Mineralnamen sind identisch, trotz einiger unterschiedlich berechneter Formeleinheiten. Die übrigen 25% sind Grenzfälle, bei denen zufällige Veränderungen in den Formeleinheiten unverhältnismäßige Unterschiede in der Benennung bewirkten.相似文献
15.
Time-relative positioning is a recent method for processing GPS phase observations. The operational method undertaken in this
paper consists of the following steps: first, recording phase observations at a station of known coordinates; second, moving
the GPS receiver to an unknown station (which can be located up to a few hundred meters away, dependint on what type of transportation
– e. g., walking, motorcycle – is available) while continuously observing carrier phases; and, third, recording phase observations
at a second station of unknown coordinates with a single GPS receiver. To obtain the position of the unknown station relative
to the first (known) station, the processing method uses combined observations taken at two different epochs and two different
stations with the same receiver. For this reason, the errors that vary between two epochs must be taken into account in an
appropriate way, especially errors in satellite clock corrections and ephemerides, and errors related to tropospheric and
ionospheric delays. Ionospheric modeling using IONEX files (the ionospheric maps calculated by the International GPS Service)
was also tested to correct L1 phase observations. This method has been used to calculate short vectors with an accuracy of
a few centimeters (for a processing interval of 30 s) using a single civil GPS receiver. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
16.
Time-relative positioning makes use of observations taken at two different epochs and stations with a single global positioning
system (GPS) receiver to determine the position of the unknown station with respect to the known station. The limitation of
this method is the degradation over time of the positioning accuracy due to the temporal variation of GPS errors (ionospheric
delay, satellite clock corrections, satellite ephemerides, and tropospheric delay). The impact of these errors is significantly
reduced by adding to the one-way move from the known to the unknown station, a back move to the known station. A loop misclosure
is computed from the coordinates obtained at the known station at the beginning and at the end of the loop, and is used to
correct the coordinates of the unknown station. The field tests, presented in this paper, show that using the loop misclosure
corrections, time-relative positioning accuracy can be improved by about 60% when using single frequency data, and by about
40% with dual frequency data. For a 4-min processing interval (an 8-min loop) and a 95% probability level, errors remain under
20 cm for the horizontal components and 36 cm for the vertical component with single frequency data; and under 11 cm for the
horizontal components and 29 cm for the vertical component with dual frequency data. 相似文献
17.
论述以厚壁空心微珠为基质,研制轻质保温帽。重点阐述原材料的物理化学性质,配料组成的确定,工艺流程。经工业试验,试制出轻质、高强的绝热材料,经济、社会效益显著。为粉煤炭的产品型利用提供新途径。 相似文献
18.
An isoparametric quadrilateral plate bending element is used for the free and forced vibration analysis of both thick and thin plates. Plates of rectangular, circular and triangular planform are analysed and excellent results are obtained. The element performance is assessed by comparison with analytical solutions based on Mindlin's thick plate theory, three-dimensional elasticity solutions and solutions based on thin plate theory. 相似文献
19.
Pim de Klerk Andreas Haberl Andreas Kaffke Matthias Krebs Izolda Matchutadze Merten Minke Jenny Schulz Hans Joosten 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(9-10):890-910
The Kolkheti lowlands of western Georgia have a unique vegetation and a rich cultural history. Palynological and macrofossil analysis accompanied by AMS 14C-dates of the deposits of the Ispani 2 mire near Kobuleti allow the reconstruction of regional vegetation, environmental history and local peatland development within the context of Black Sea level and cultural changes. Comparison of two adjacent peatland cores confirms spatial differences in wetland development. Prior to 5400 cal yr BP, the Ispani basin was a floodplain of an active river system where overbank deposits with fluvially transported Castanea pollen were deposited. Subsequently, a lake or lagoon developed in which reeds expanded. These were succeeded by herb-rich open alder carrs. After 1900 cal yr BP, Carpinus and Fagus expanded on the dry grounds, where formerly Quercus was more abundant. Also Castanea declined. Local reedbeds, that burned regularly, succeeded the alder carr. After 1000 cal yr BP, a percolation bog developed resulting in the formation of 4 m of loose, porous, and largely undecomposed Sphagnum austinii peat with Molinia roots. The upper 50 cm of the analysed section show extensive human impact on the landscape during the 20th century. 相似文献
20.
A global positioning system and ground penetrating radar surveys is used to produce digital elevation models of the surface and bed of Brewster Glacier. These are used to derive maps of subglacial hydraulic potential and drainage system structure using three different assumptions about the subglacial water pressure (Pw): (i) Pw = ice overburden; (ii) Pw = half ice overburden; (iii) Pw = atmospheric. Additionally, 16 dye‐tracing experiments at 12 locations were performed through a summer melt season. Dye return curve shape, together with calculations of transit velocity, dispersivity and storage, are used to infer the likely morphology of the subglacial drainage system. Taken together, the data indicate that the glacier is underlain by a channelised but hydraulically inefficient drainage system in the early summer in which water pressures are close to ice overburden. By mid‐summer, water pressures are closer to half‐ice overburden and the channelised drainage system is more hydraulically efficient. Surface streams that enter the glacier close to the location of major subglacial drainage pathways are routed quickly to the channels and then to the glacier snout. Streams that enter the glacier further away from the drainage pathways are routed slowly to the channels and then to the snout because they first flow through a distributed drainage system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献