Emission metrics and sea level rise     

Erik Sterner  Daniel J. A. Johansson  Christian Azar 《Climatic change》2014,127(2):335-351

Here we present two new metrics used for comparing climate impacts of emissions of different climate forcers: the Global Sea level rise Potential (GSP) and the Integrated Global Sea level rise Potential (IGSP). The GSP represents the Sea Level Rise (SLR) at a given time horizon due to an emission pulse of a forcer; the IGSP is similar but represents the time integrated SLR up to a given point in time. The GSP and IGSP are presented relative to the SLR caused by a comparable emission pulse of carbon dioxide. The metrics are assessed using an Upwelling-Diffusion Energy Balance Model (UDEBM). We focus primarily on the thermosteric part of SLR, denoted GSP_th. All of the examined climate forcers – even black carbon, a very Short-Lived Climate Forcer (SLCF) – have considerable influence on the thermosteric SLR on the century time scale. For a given time horizon and forcer, GSP_th lies in between the corresponding metric values obtained using Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature change Potential (GTP), whereas IGSP_th ends up in the opposite end to GTP in the spectrum of compared metrics. GSP_th and IGSP_th are more sensitive for SLCFs than for the long-lived Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) to changes in the parameterization of the model (under the time horizons considered here). We also use a Semi-Empirical (SE) model to estimate the full SLR, and corresponding GSP_SE and IGSP_SE, as alternatives to the thermosteric approach. For SLCFs, GSP_SE is greater than GSP_th for all time horizons considered, while the opposite holds for long-lived GHGs such as SF₆.  相似文献   

Erratum: “Anomalous Fe II spectral effects and high H I Lyα temperature in gas blobs near η Carinae” [Astron. Lett. 30, 58 (2004)]     

S. Johansson  V. S. Letokhov 《Astronomy Letters》2004,30(6):433

  相似文献   

A database of galaxies at high redshifts     

D. de Mello  E.P.G. Johansson  P. Markström 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,281(1-2):535-535

  相似文献   

Using stable isotopes of surface water and groundwater to quantify moisture sources across the Yellow River source region     

Xingxing Kuang  Xin Luo  Jiu Jimmy Jiao  Sihai Liang  Xiaolang Zhang  Hailong Li  Junguo Liu 《水文研究》2019,33(13):1835-1850

Characterization of stable isotope compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) of surface water and groundwater in a catchment is critical for refining moisture sources and establishing modern isotope–elevation relationships for paleoelevation reconstructions. There is no consensus on the moisture sources of precipitation in the Yellow River source region during summer season. This study presents δ²H and δ¹⁸O data from 111 water samples collected from tributaries, mainstream, lakes, and groundwater across the Yellow River source region during summertime. Measured δ¹⁸O values of the tributaries range from ?13.5‰ to ?5.8‰ with an average of ?11.0‰. Measured δ¹⁸O values of the groundwater samples range from ?12.7‰ to ?10.5‰ with an average of ?11.9‰. The δ¹⁸O data of tributary waters display a northward increase of 1.66‰ per degree latitude. The δ¹⁸O data and d‐excess values imply that moisture sources of the Yellow River source region during summertime are mainly from the mixing of the Indian Summer Monsoon and the Westerlies, local water recycling, and subcloud evaporation. Analysis of tributary δ¹⁸O data from the Yellow River source region and streamwater and precipitation δ¹⁸O data from its surrounding areas leads to a best‐fit second‐order polynomial relationship between δ¹⁸O and elevation over a 4,600 m elevation range. A δ¹⁸O elevation gradient of ?1.6‰/km is also established using these data, and the gradient is in consistence with the δ¹⁸O elevation gradient of north and eastern plateau. Such relationships can be used for paleoelevation reconstructions in the Yellow River source region.  相似文献   

Anomalous Fe II spectral effects and high H I Lyα temperature in gas blobs near η Carinae     

S. Johansson  V. S. Letokhov 《Astronomy Letters》2004,30(1):58-63

We consider the origin of the anomalously high intensity of the ultraviolet Fe II λλ2507/2509 Å lines observed with high spatial and spectral resolutions from gas blobs (GBs) near η Carinae. This rare effect in stellar spectra is attributable to a combination of several factors: (1) the high hydrogen density(>10⁸ cm^?3) that ensures the blockingof the Lyman continuum by GBs and, accordingly, the formation of a cold H I region with completely ionized Fe atoms; (2) the small distance between the GBs and the central star that ensures a high (>8000–10000 K) Lyα H spectral temperature, which photoexcites Fe II selectively; and (3) the population of Fe II levels and, accordingly, the opening of a stimulated emission channel, which together with spontaneous transitions creates a radiative cycle where a single Fe II ion can multiply absorb Lyα emission.  相似文献   

Air and water flows induced by pumping tests in unconfined aquifers with low‐permeability zones          下载免费PDF全文

Xingxing Kuang  Jiu Jimmy Jiao  Keni Zhang  Deqiang Mao 《水文研究》2014,28(21):5450-5464

Air flows from the atmosphere into an unconfined aquifer when the water table falls during pumping tests. Pumping test results in unconfined aquifers may be significantly affected by low‐permeability zones (LPZs) near the initial water table position, because they restrict the downward movement of air. A transient, three‐dimensional air–water two‐phase flow model is employed to investigate numerically the effects of local heterogeneity on pumping test results in unconfined aquifers. Two cases of local heterogeneities are considered herein: a LPZ around the pumping well and on one side of the pumping well. Results show that the drawdown with the LPZ is significantly greater than that of the homogeneous aquifer. The differences in drawdown are the most significant at intermediate times and gradually diminish at later times. The LPZ significantly reduces air flow from the atmosphere to the aquifer. The pore air velocity in the LPZ is very low. The air pressure at the observation point under the LPZ when air begins to enter is significantly lower than the air pressure of the homogeneous aquifer at the same point. After that, the air pressure increases quickly and then increases slowly. The time for the air pressure to reach the atmospheric pressure is significantly longer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Pumping Tests in Multilayer Wells with Non-Darcian Flow in the Wellbore   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Chongxi Chen  Jiu Jimmy Jiao 《Ground water》1999,37(3):465-474

  相似文献   

Temporal variations of physical and hydrochemical properties of springs in the Mid‐Levels area,Hong Kong: results of a 1‐year comprehensive monitoring programme     

Chi‐Man Leung  Jiu Jimmy Jiao 《水文研究》2008,22(8):1080-1092

Springs and seeps occur in the spaces around Po Hing Fong Street in the Mid‐Levels area, Hong Kong. Most of the springs occur through the drainage weepholes on retaining walls at the street. This paper first examines the geology and history of the springs. The paper then reports the findings from a 1‐year comprehensive spring monitoring programme. The temporal variations of flow rate, physiochemical parameters and hydrochemistry of the springs are discussed. The average temperatures of the springs were close to the mean air temperature, although there was a systematic lag time of 40 to 50 days between the peak air temperature and highest water temperatures. Spring waters from two rows of weepholes in the retaining wall showed significantly different physical and hydrochemical responses to the changes in rainfall and temperature, though their vertical distance is only about 1 m. The results suggest that water from the upper row of weepholes may represent a recharge source that is shallow or close to the spring outlets, whereas that from the lower row of weepholes may represent a recharge source that is much deeper or further up the hill. Although the spring flows increased rapidly after rainstorms, analysis of the total dissolved solids showed a delayed response to rainstorm events. The concentration of individual ions in the spring water varied in a unique way in response to rainstorm events. It is clear that the presence of underground man‐made drainage systems and the leakage from water mains in the study area may add complexity to the solute responses and transport mechanisms. Further studies are required to constrain the impacts of these man‐made structures on the hydrogeology of the springs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long-term Evolution of the Outgassing of Comet Hale-Bopp From Radio Observations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Biver  N.  Bockelée-Morvan  D.  Colom  P.  Crovisier  J.  Germain  B.  Lellouch  E.  Davies  J. K.  Dent  W. R. F.  Moreno  R.  Paubert  G.  Wink  J.  Despois  D.  Lis  D. C.  Mehringer  D.  Benford  D.  Gardner  M.  Phillips  T. G.  Gunnarsson  M.  Rickman  H.  Winnberg  A.  Bergman  P.  Johansson  L. E. B.  Rauer  H. 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1997,78(1-3):5-11

C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) has been observed on a regular basis since August 1995 at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths using IRAM, JCMT, CSO and SEST radio telescopes. The production rates of eight molecular species (CO, HCN, CH₃OH, H₂CO,H₂S, CS, CH₃CN,HNC) have been monitored as a function of heliocentric distance(r_h from 7 AU pre-perihelion to 4 AU post-perihelion. As comet Hale-Bopp approached and receded from the Sun, these species displayed different behaviours. Far from the Sun, the most volatile species were found in general relatively more abundant in the coma. In comparison to other species, HNC, H₂CO and CS showed a much steeper increase of the production rate with decreasing r_h. Less than 1.5 AU from the Sun, the relative abundances were fairly stable and approached those found in other comets near 1 AU. The kinetic temperature of the coma, estimated from the relative intensities of the CH₃OH and CO lines, increased with decreasing r_h, from about10 K at 7 AU to 110 K around perihelion. The expansion velocity of the gaseous species, derived from the line shapes, also increased with a law close tor_h ³. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Palaeomagnetism and Magnetic–Polarity Zonation in some Oligocene Volcanic Rocks of the San Juan Mountains, South–western Colorado     

Jimmy F. Diehl    Myrl E. Beck  Peter W. Lipman 《Geophysical Journal International》1974,37(2):323-332

  相似文献