A study of charge structure sensitivity in simulated thunderstorms     

Rumjana Mitzeva  Boryana Tsenova  Rachel Albrecht  Walt Petersen 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):299-309

Two different thunderstorms are simulated by two distinct one-dimensional cloud models using four different parameterisations of the non-inductive mechanism of electric charging, based on laboratory studies. The results demonstrate that during the early (pre-lightning) stage of thunderstorm electrification, simulated charge density depends not only on the model charging parameterisation employed, but also on the specific representations of the kinematics and microphysical characteristics of the model itself. Though no conclusions are drawn regarding the physical suitability of the charging parameterisations themselves, the analysis indicates that the most significant differences between the simulated charge structures of the clouds produced in each particular model are the result of different distributions of model cloud characteristics and of the type of parameterisation of the microphysical processes. The study reveals that it is too early to make any conclusion regarding which, if any, of the existing parameterisation schemes are better suited to the realistic simulation of electrical charging in real clouds.  相似文献   

Nucleation and crystallization of otavite, witherite, calcite, strontianite, hydrozincite, and hydrocerussite by CO₂ membrane diffusion technique     

Maurizio Bucca  Martin Dietzel  Jianwu Tang  Albrecht Leis  Stephan Jürgen Khler 《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):152-165

Otavite, witherite, calcite, strontianite, hydrozincite and hydrocerussite nucleation was induced by CO₂ diffusion through a polyethylene membrane into a metal bearing solution. Nucleation and ongoing precipitation was followed at 25 ± 1 °C by the chemical evolution of the solution and the consumption of sodium hydroxide (pH-stat conditions). X-ray diffraction patterns as well as FT-infrared and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of well crystallized solids, except for less crystalline hydrozincite. In several experiments simonkolleite and laurionite precipitated concurrently with hydrozincite and hydrocerussite. The carbonate end-member minerals, smithsonite and cerussite, however were not formed. Carbonate minerals crystallized as spherical aggregates of thin layered otavite, spherical orientated witherite needles, rhombohedral calcite, pseudo-hexagonal strontianite laths, fibrous lumps of hydrozincite and planar hexagonal hydrocerussite crystals. Crystal and aggregate sizes range between 1 and 100 μm. Nucleation occurred at well defined reaction times and distinct critical supersaturation indices (SI_crit). The time for nucleation at constant pH decreased as the initial metal concentration increased for a given solid. The SI_crit values decreased in the order of hydrocerussite (3.2), otavite (2.5), strontianite (1.6), witherite (0.9) and calcite (0.7).  相似文献   

Identification of a sulfide derivative with a bicyclic hydrocarbon skeleton related to squalene. Part II: synthesis of a S-spiro-like dithiolane triterpenoid     

Pierre Adam  Philippe Schaeffer  Sylvestre Gug  Estelle Motsch  Pierre Albrecht 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(8):885-894

A sulfide with a bicyclic squalene hydrocarbon skeleton present in sediments from various depositional settings and of different geological age has been identified by synthesis of a reference compound. In contrast to previous expectations [cf. Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., de Leeuw, J.W., 1995. A novel triterpenoid carbon skeleton in immature sulphur-rich sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 953–958; Gug, S., Schaeffer, P., Adam, P., Klein, S., Motsch, E., Albrecht, P., 2009. Identification of a sulfide derivative with a bicyclic hydrocarbon skeleton related to squalene. Part I: Synthesis of a dithiane triterpenoid. Organic Geochemistry 40, 876–884.], this sulfide bears two “S-spiro type“ thiolane moities, but not the two thiochromane moieties originally envisaged. The synthesis resulted in the formation of a complex isomeric mixture of compounds, all co-eluting in gas chromatography (GC) in the form of one broad peak, as is the case with the geochemical compound. The spiro-type sulfide was formed by intramolecular sulfurization of a polyunsaturated bicyclic squalene derivative of unknown biological origin. The presence of this sulfide in a number of Triassic to Miocene marine sediments from various and contrasting depositional settings (upwelling environments, shallow continental platforms, lagoonal sub-basins, hypersaline environments), all characterized by strongly anoxic conditions, but with or without photic zone anoxia, indicates that the microorganisms biosynthesizing the precursor bicyclic squalene occupy diverse ecological niches.  相似文献   

The coating hypothesis for ammonia ice particles in Jupiter: Laboratory experiments and optical modeling     

Konstantinos S. Kalogerakis  Jochen Marschall  Patricia A. Engel  Rhiannon T. Meharchand  Michael H. Wong 《Icarus》2008,196(1):202-215

We report laboratory experiments and modeling calculations investigating the effect of a hydrocarbon coating on ammonia ice spectral signatures. Observational evidence and thermochemical models indicate an abundance of ammonia ice clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. However, spectrally identifiable ammonia ice clouds are found covering less than 1% of Jupiter's atmosphere, notably in areas of strong vertical transport, indicating a short lifetime for the signature of ammonia absorption on condensed ammonia particles [Baines, K.H., Carlson, R.W., Kamp, L.W., 2002. Icarus 159, 74-94]. Current literature has suggested coating of ammonia ice particles by a hydrocarbon haze as a possible explanation for this paradox. The work presented here supports the inference of a coating effect that can alter or suppress ammonia absorption features. In the experiments, thin films of ammonia ices are deposited in a cryogenic apparatus, coated with hydrocarbons, and characterized by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. We have observed the effects on the ammonia ice absorption features near 3 and 9 μm with coverage by thin layers of hydrocarbons. Modeling calculations of these multilayer thin films assist in the interpretation of the experimental results and reveal the important role of optical interference in altering the aforementioned ammonia spectral features. Mie and T-matrix scattering calculations demonstrate analogous effects for ammonia ice particles and investigate the relative effects of ammonia ice particle size, shape, and coating layer thickness on the ice particle spectral signatures.  相似文献   

Die Methoden zur Bestimmung der Verdunstung der natürlichen Erdoberfläche     

F. Albrecht 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1950,2(1-2):1-38

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Das Impulsaktinometer     

Albrecht  F. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1953,26(1):153-171

Zusammenfassung Das Impulsaktinometer arbeitet mit Bolometermessbrücken, die nur die kurze Zeit mit Spannung belastet werden, die zur Feststellung des Ausschlages des Brückengalvanometers erforderlich ist. Da stets genügend Zeit zum Abkühlen gegeben ist, können Messbrücken in dieser Schaltung wesentlich höher belastet werden als gewöhnliche Bolometer. Bei der Anwendung dieses Prinzips auf die Messung der direkten Sonnenstrahlung entstehen Aktinometer, die mit unempfindlichen Galvanometern arbeiten. Ihre Abmessungen sind klein genug, dass das eigentliche Aktinometer und das Galvanometer zu einer Einheit zusammengefasst werden können. Hierdurch entstehen Instrumente, die leicht in der Herstellung und im Gewicht sind und aus überall in der Welt käuflichen Materialien angefertigt werden können, Sie haben sich bereits auf Expeditionen bewährt.Der beschriebene Apparat enthält vier Aktinometersysteme für verschiedene Spektralgebiete. Der Aufbau des Gerätes und seine Einzelheiten wie Bolometer, Diaphragmen, Einstellungsvorgänge, Galvanometer, Filter, Schaltung usw. werden besprochen und das Vorgehen bei der Messung behandelt. Es wird auch eine Theorie des Temperaturkoeffizienten gegeben und die Justierung beschrieben. Die Prüfung des Gerätes mit demLinke-Feussner-Aktinometer ergab eine mittlere Abweichung von ±1.3%, die auf Verschiedenheiten bei der Exposition beider Instrumente zurückgeführt werden kann.

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Summary The pulse-actinometer works with bolometers, i. e. with Wheatstone's bridge circuits. The principle of operation of this actinometer is based upon an overloading of those bolometers with a relatively high current. Obviously such a high current can only be connected for a brief period, which, however, has to be sufficiently long for reading the deflection of the galvanometer.This principle makes it possible to use relatively insensitive galvanometers of small size so that they may be built into the case surrounding the whole instrument. The actinometer uses ordinary radio components and its construction is extremely simple and should not present any difficulties. The instrument has successfully been used on various expeditions.The apparatus contains four different actinometer systems for different spectral ranges. The design of the instrument, its properties as bolometers, diaphragms, galvanometer, filters, circuit diagram, and its operation are treated. Furthermore a theory of the temperature coefficient is given and the final adjustement is described in detail. The calibration of the instrument with theLinke-Feussner Actinometer resulted in a deviation of ±1.3%, which can be explained by the differences in the operating procedures of both instruments.

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Die Weiterentwicklung der Meßtechnik des Wassergehalts des Bodens auf thermischer Grundlage     

F. Albrecht 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1949,1(2):149-155

Zusammenfassung Durch Untersuchungen vonJ. Bracht [3] und dem Verfasser wurde im Jahre 1940 festgestellt, daß die Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Bodens nicht bei allen Bodenarten eindeutig mit dem Wassergehalt zusammenhängt. Es wird eine Erklärung für diese Erscheinung durch die Verscjiedenheit der Wasserablagerung zwischen den Bodenpartikeln bei Wasseraufnahme und Wasserabgabe gegeben. Von allen Wärmekonstanten des Bodens ist nur die Wärmekapazität wahrscheinlich eindeutig abhängig von dem Wassergehalt des Bodens. Diese Größe kann am einfachsten als der Quotient aus der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Temperaturleitfähigkeit des Bodens bestimmt werden. Es mu\ also außer der Wärmeleitfähigkeit auch noch die Temperaturleitfähigkeit gemessen werden.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung dieser letzteren Größe beschrieben. Hierbei wird als Geber das Doppelthermometer benutzt, das zur Messung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Bodens vom Verfasser [2] beschrieben wurde. Von den beiden Thermometern dieses Doppelthermometers wird das eine in halbstündigen Intervallen je eine Viertelstunde lang geheizt. Gemessen wird dann außer dem Temperaturunterschied zwischen geheiztem und ungeheiztem Thermometer auch der Temperaturgang des ungeheizten Thermometers allein. Aus dem Temperaturunterschied zwischen beiden Thermometern wird in der üblichen Weise die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und aus der Amplitude des Temperaturganges und seiner Phasenverschiebung gegen die Heizung die Temperaturleitfähigkeit des Bodens berechnet.

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Summary Researches ofJ. Bracht [3] and of the present author have shown in 1940 that the thermal conductivity of the soil is not exactly coherent with the content of water in all kinds of soil. An explanation of this phenomenon is given by the difference of water deposit between the soil particles under conditions of imbilition and desiccation of water. Of all thermal constants of the soil solely the heat capacity probably is distinctly dependent on the water content of the soil. This value can be determined in the simplest manner as the quotient of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the soil. Beside thermal conductivity therefore thermal diffusivity must be measured too.A procedure for the determination of this last value is developed in this paper. The double thermometer which has been described by the author [2] for measuring the thermal conductivity is used as indicator. One of the two thermometers of this double thermometer is being heated during a quarter of an hour at intervals of half an hour. Beside the difference of temperature between heated and unheated thermometer the variation of temperature of the unheated thermometer itself is measured. Then the thermal conductivity is calculated in the usual manner from the difference of temperature between the two thermometers and the thermal diffusivity of the soil from the amplitude of the temperature variation and its shift of phase against heating.

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Résumé Des recherches deJ. Bracht [3] et de l'auteur en 1940 ont montré que la conductibilité calorifique de certains sols ne dépend pas uniquement de leur teneur en eau. On tente d'expliquer cette anomalie par le fait que l'eau s'insère différemment entre les particules du sol lors de l'imbibition et lors de la dessication. Parmi toutes les constantes calorifiques du sol, la capacité calorifique est probablement la seule qui soit en relation univoque avec la teneur en eau. Cette grandeur peut se définir le plus simplement par le quotient de la conductivité calorifique et de la transmission thermique du sol. Il faut donc mesurer séparément ces deux grandeurs.On décrit dans le présent mémoire un procédé permettant la mesure de la transmission thermique. On se sert comme indicateur du thermomètre double décrit par l'auteur [2] en vue de la mesure de la conductibilité du sol. L'un de ces thermomètres est chauffé pendant un quart d'heure toutes les demi-heures. On note alors non seulement la différence de température entre les deux instruments, mais encore les variations du thermomètre non chauffé: la différence de température permet comme d'ordinaire le calcul de la conductibilité, tandis que l'amplitude de la variation du thermomètre non chauffé et son décalage par rapport à l'autre permettent le calcul de la transmission thermique.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

Die Pyrenäen im Lichte der Deckentheorie     

Albrecht Spitz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1915,6(4-6):286-314

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Regionalisation of population growth projections in coastal exposure analysis     

Jan-Ludolf Merkens  Daniel Lincke  Jochen Hinkel  Sally Brown  Athanasios Thomas Vafeidis 《Climatic change》2018,151(3-4):413-426

Large-area coastal exposure and impact analysis has focussed on using sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios and has placed little emphasis on socioeconomic scenarios, while neglecting spatial variations of population dynamics. We use the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA) Framework to assess the population exposed to 1 in 100-year coastal flood events under different population scenarios, that are consistent with the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs); and different SLR scenarios, derived from the representative concentration pathways (RCPs); and analyse the effect of accounting for regionalised population dynamics on population exposure until 2100. In a reference approach, we use homogeneous population growth on national level. In the regionalisation approaches, we test existing spatially explicit projections that also account for urbanisation, coastal migration and urban sprawl. Our results show that projected global exposure in 2100 ranges from 100 million to 260 million, depending on the combination of SLR and population scenarios and method used for regionalising the population projections. The assessed exposure based on the regionalised approaches is higher than that derived from the reference approach by up to 60 million people (39%). Accounting for urbanisation and coastal migration leads to an increase in exposure, whereas considering urban sprawl leads to lower exposure. Differences between the reference and the regionalised approaches increase with higher SLR. The regionalised approaches show highest exposure under SSP5 over most of the twenty-first century, although total population in SSP5 is the second lowest overall. All methods project the largest absolute growth in exposure for Asia and relative growth for Africa.  相似文献   

Central European Cenozoic plume volcanism with OIB characteristics and indications of a lower mantle source   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

K. Hans Wedepohl  Albrecht Baumann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,136(3):225-239

Average concentrations of incompatible elements and isotopes of radiogenic Sr, Nd and Pb in a 350 km long belt of Central European volcanics (CECV) resemble those in OIB in general and in OIB from the N Atlantic in particular. This similarity allows to infer comparable sources for CECV and OIB which might have been located in the lower mantle according to seismic tomography and chemistry, with the latter unlike a MORB source. The incompatible element contribution of lower mantle origin can be modelled from primitive mantle minus continental crust and upper mantle inventories. Alkali basaltic magmas from the modelled source are close in composition to CECV and OIB. The continental crust contains almost half of the silicate Earth's content of Rb, K, Pb, Ba, Th and U, which were mobilized to a major extent through dehydration of subducted ocean crust. Related losses from the lower mantle had to be replaced by deep subductions of oceanic lithosphere recognized from their isotopic imprint. From a balance based on Nd isotopes it can be concluded that average CECV contains 60% matter from residual primitive mantle and 40% from deeply subducted lithosphere (including some young upper mantle materials). Plume products from separate CECV regions developed, within 45 Ma, from rather depleted to more primitive isotopic signatures. Four periods of volcanism from Eocene to late Quaternary time are explained as four pulses of an almost stationary ultrafast plume uprise as modelled by Larsen and Yuen (1997). Magma production has increased from the first to the third pulse with the peak during Miocene time in the Vogelsberg region. The final pulse produced the Quaternary Eifel volcanoes. Tectonism from the Alpine orogen has probably triggered the synchronous volcanism of CECV, Massif Central etc. The European lithospheric plate has moved under the control of the opening Atlantic almost in an eastern direction with a velocity of 1 cm per year and has shifted extinct volcanoes off their source channels. Received: 10 July 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 1999  相似文献