The continuity of Basque political violence: A geographical perspective on the legitimisation of violence     

Jan Mansvelt Beck 《GeoJournal》1999,48(2):109-121

After twenty years of parliamentary democracy in Spain the Basque liberation movement ETA is still using violent methods. Considerable support for ETA has persisted in the Spanish Basque Country. Based on voting patterns in Euskadi the persistent support for ETA is studied. ETA support through voting for its political wing Herri Batasuna is concentrated in specific areas. Through ecological analysis the relative weight of cultural, socio-economic, demographic and locational factors in voting patterns is determined. At a local level particular cultural contexts reproduce support for violent separatism. The continuity of violence legitimisation is a Spanish Basque phenomenon as it is confined to the Basque-speaking parts of Spain. The small-size settlements of the Basque Country offer a context of social control which enables mass legitimisation of political violence.  相似文献   

Statistical scale-up of 3D particle-tracking simulation for non-Fickian dispersive solute transport modeling     

Vikrant?Vishal  Juliana?Y.?LeungEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2018,32(7):2075-2091

Numerical techniques for subsurface flow and transport modeling are often limited by computational limitations including fine mesh and small time steps to control artificial dispersion. Particle-tracking simulation offers a robust alternative for modeling solute transport in subsurface formations. However, the modeling scale usually differs substantially from the rock measurement scale, and the scale-up of measurements have to be made accounting for the pattern of spatial heterogeneity exhibited at different scales. Therefore, it is important to construct accurate coarse-scale simulations that are capable of capturing the uncertainties in reservoir and transport attributes due to scale-up. A statistical scale-up procedure developed in our previous work is extended by considering the effects of unresolved (residual) heterogeneity below the resolution of the finest modeling scale in 3D. First, a scale-up procedure based on the concept of volume variance is employed to construct realizations of permeability and porosity at the (coarse) transport modeling scale, at which flow or transport simulation is performed. Next, to compute various effective transport parameters, a series of realizations exhibiting detailed heterogeneities at the fine scale, whose domain size is the same as the transport modeling scale, are generated. These realizations are subjected to a hybrid particle-tracking simulation. Probabilistic transition time is considered, borrowing the idea from the continuous time random walk (CTRW) technique to account for any sub-scale heterogeneity at the fine scale level. The approach is validated against analytical solutions and general CTRW formulation. Finally, coarse-scale transport variables (i.e., dispersivities and parameterization of transition time distribution) are calibrated by minimizing the mismatch in effluent history with the equivalent averaged models. Construction of conditional probability distributions of effective parameters is facilitated by integrating the results over the entire suite of realizations. The proposed method is flexible, as it does not invoke any explicit assumption regarding the multivariate distribution of the heterogeneity. In contrast to other hierarchical CTRW formulation for modeling multi-scale heterogeneities, the proposed approach does not impose any length scale requirement regarding sub-grid heterogeneities. In fact, it aims to capture the uncertainty in effective reservoir and transport properties due to the presence of heterogeneity at the intermediate scale, which is larger than the finest resolution of heterogeneity but smaller than the representative elementary volume, but it is often comparable to the transport modeling scale.  相似文献   

Special Issue: IAMG 2019     

Leung  Juliana Y.  Li  Liangping  Morgan  Eugene  Emami-Meybodi  Hamid 《Mathematical Geosciences》2020,52(8):975-976

Mathematical Geosciences -  相似文献   

Temporal dynamics of evapotranspiration in semiarid native forests in Brazil and Spain using remote sensing     

Juliana Alcântara Costa  Joaquín Navarro-Hevia  Carlos Alexandre Gomes Costa  José Carlos de Araújo 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14070

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in integrated water resource planning, development and management. This process is particularly relevant in semiarid regions. The aim of this study is, hence, to compare spatial and temporal patterns of actual ET, as well as the temporal trends in two different semiarid forests, Caatinga (Brazil) and Tierra de Pinares (Spain). We used the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) to assess actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) in both areas. In the Brazilian semiarid forest, Caatinga is the main vegetation, while it is Pinares in Spain. For this purpose, 69 Landsat-5 and 42 Landsat-8 images (1995–2019) were used. The Mann–Kendall test was applied to assess the occurrence of trends in precipitation, temperature and potential ET data; and the Temporal Stability Index (TSI) to know which areas have greater seasonal ET_a. The annual amplitude of the potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) is the same in both areas, however, the Caatinga values are higher. In the Caatinga forest, when ET₀ presents its highest values throughout the year, ET_a presents the lowest, and vice versa. In the Pinares forest, ET_a follows the ET₀ dynamics during the year, and the difference between ET₀ and ET_a is maximum during the summer. The Caatinga forest showed a greater spatial variation of ET_a than the Pinares forest as well as a greater extension with lower temporal stability of ET_a than the Pinares forest. Both the Caatinga forest and the Pinares forest showed significant positive trends in annual ET₀ and ET_a. We estimate that the value of ET_a increases more rapidly in Pinares than in the Brazilian Caatinga. Taking Caatinga as a hydrological mirror, some consequences are expected to Pinares, such as significant changes in the water balance, increase of biodiversity vulnerability, and reduction of water availability in soil and reservoirs.  相似文献   

关于西阿翼龙系统位置的简单注释及与其它翼龙类关系的评论     

Bruno C. VILA NOVA  Alexander W. A. KELLNER  Juliana M. SAY?O 《地球学报》2010,31(Z1):73-75

Cearadactylus atrox is one of the first pterosaurs unearthed from the Araripe Basin (Northeast Brazil) (Leonardi and Borgomanero 1983, 1985) (Fig.1). The fossil was preserved in a calcareous concretion typical of the Romualdo Formation and comprised an almost complete skull with lower jaw, but lacked the occipital region.  相似文献   

An easy, non-destructive, probabilistic method to evaluate the imposex response of gastropod populations     

Fernandez MA  Pinheiro FM  de Quadros JP  Camillo E 《Marine environmental research》2007,63(1):41-54

Endocrine disruption in marine populations is a growing concern. One of the best documented examples is imposex, the development of male characteristics in female gastropods, including the development of a penis and/or vas deferens, by exposure to organotins, mainly tributyltin. This syndrome has been an effective and widely used biomarker of organic tin contamination for almost 20 years. However, established imposex evaluation protocols sacrifice all the animals and repeated assessments can result in depletion of populations. To preserve animal lives as much as possible and to have a fast screening of areas subjected to organotin impacts, a non-destructive approach was tested. This approach uses reversible narcotization and a statistical criterion to evaluate the extent of imposex in the populations, instead of imposex indexes, which are based on evaluation of sacrificed, fixed animals. The data consist of two categories: males plus masculinized females in one category and normal females in another. The probability is then calculated that this sample could have been drawn from a normal population. This new method was tested in two contrasting areas of Brazil and with two different species, and the results compared to the conventional evaluation. Narcotization was completely reversed with a survival rate of 98%. Impacted sites could be identified with this technique in the same way as with the conventional one. The only limitation was that female sterility could not be verified. This disadvantage could well be compensated by the minimal mortality in the studied populations.  相似文献   

Plastic Pollution at a Sea Turtle Conservation Area in NE Brazil: Contrasting Developed and Undeveloped Beaches     

Juliana Assunção Ivar do Sul  Isaac R. Santos  Ana Cláudia Friedrich  Alexandre Matthiensen  Gilberto Fillmann 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(4):814-823

Sea turtles are highly susceptible to plastic ingestion and entanglement. Beach debris were surveyed along the most important sea turtle nesting beaches in Brazil (Costa dos Coqueiros, Bahia State). No significant differences among developed and undeveloped beaches were observed in terms of total number of items. Local sources (tourism activities) represented 70% of debris on developed beaches, where cigarette butts, straws, paper fragments, soft plastic fragments, and food packaging were the most abundant items. Non-local sources (domestic and fishing activities) accounted for about 70% of debris on undeveloped beaches, where the most abundant items were rigid plastic fragments, ropes, soft plastic fragments, caps, and polystyrene. The projected surface area of beach debris did not vary among developed and undeveloped beaches. Overseas containers accounted for about 25% of regional plastic pollution, implying that international pollution prevention agreements are not being respected off the Brazilian coast.  相似文献   

Plastic debris ingestion by marine catfish: an unexpected fisheries impact   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Possatto FE  Barletta M  Costa MF  do Sul JA  Dantas DV 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(5):1098-1102

Plastic marine debris is a pervasive type of pollution. River basins and estuaries are a source of plastics pollution for coastal waters and oceans. Estuarine fauna is therefore exposed to chronic plastic pollution. Three important catfish species [Cathorops spixii (N = 60), Cathorops agassizii (N = 60) and Sciades herzbergii (N = 62)] from South Western Atlantic estuaries were investigated in a tropical estuary of the Brazilian Northeast in relation to their accidental ingestion of plastic marine debris. Individuals from all three species had ingested plastics. In C. spixii and C. agassizii, 18% and 33% of individuals had plastic debris in their stomachs, respectively. S. herzbergii showed 18% of individuals were contaminated. All ontogenetic phases (juveniles, sub-adults and adults) were contaminated. Nylon fragments from cables used in fishery activities (subsistence, artisanal and commercial) played a major role in this contamination. These catfish spend their entire life cycles within the estuary and are an important feeding resource for larger, economically important, species. It is not yet possible to quantify the scale and depth of the consequences of this type of pollution. However, plastics are well known threat to living resources in this and other estuaries. Conservation actions will need to from now onto take plastics pollution into consideration.  相似文献   

Editorial          下载免费PDF全文

Juliana Mansvelt 《New Zealand geographer》2018,74(2):63-63

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Accuracy and precision of the cosmic-ray neutron sensor for soil moisture estimation at humid environments     

Joost Iwema  Martin Schrön  Juliana Koltermann Da Silva  Rodolfo Schweiser De Paiva Lopes  Rafael Rosolem 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14419

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