Lithospheric drift on early Mars: Evidence in the magnetic field     

Daisuke Kobayashi 《Icarus》2010,210(1):37-42

The crustal magnetic anomalies on Mars may represent hot spot tracks resulting from lithospheric drift on ancient Mars. As evidence, an analysis of lineation patterns derived from the ΔBr magnetic map is presented. The ΔBr map, largely free of external magnetic field effects, allows excellent detail of the magnetic anomaly pattern, particularly in areas of Mars where the field is relatively weak. Using cluster analysis, we show that the elongated anomalies in the martian magnetic field form concentric small circles (parallels of latitude) about two distinct north pole locations. If these pole locations represent ancient spin axes, then tidal force on the early lithosphere by former satellites in retrograde orbits may have pulled the lithosphere in an east-west direction over hot mantle plumes. With an active martian core dynamo, this may have resulted in the observed magnetic anomaly pattern of concentric small circles. As further evidence, we observe that, of the 15 martian giant impact basins that were possibly formed while the core dynamo was active, seven lie along the equators of our two proposed paleopoles. We also find that four other re-magnetized giant impact basins lie along a great circle about the mean magnetic paleopole of Mars. These 11 impact basins, likely the result of fallen retrograde satellite fragments, indicate that Mars once had moons large enough to cause tidal drag on the early martian lithosphere. The results of this study suggest that the magnetic signatures of this tidal interaction have been preserved to the present day.  相似文献   

Synthesis of highly dense and fine-grained aggregates of mantle composites by vacuum sintering of nano-sized mineral powders     

Sanae Koizumi  Takehiko Hiraga  Chihiro Tachibana  Miki Tasaka  Tomonori Miyazaki  Tamio Kobayashi  Asako Takamasa  Naoki Ohashi  Satoru Sano 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(8):505-518

Synthesized mineral powders with particle size of <100 nm are vacuum sintered to obtain highly dense and fine-grained polycrystalline mantle composites: single phase aggregates of forsterite (iron-free), olivine (iron containing), enstatite and diopside; two-phase composites of forsterite + spinel and forsterite + periclase; and, three-phase composites of forsterite + enstatite + diopside. Nano-sized powders of colloidal SiO₂ and highly dispersed Mg(OH)₂ with particle size of ≤50 nm are used as chemical sources for MgO and SiO₂, which are common components for all of the aggregates. These powders are mixed with powders of CaCO₃, MgAl₂O_4, and Fe(CO₂CH₃)₂ to introduce mineral phases of diopside, spinel, and olivine to the aggregates, respectively. To synthesize highly dense composites through pressureless sintering, we find that calcined powders should be composed of particles that have: (1) fully or partially reacted to the desired minerals, (2) a size of <100 nm and (3) less propensity to coalesce. Such calcined powders are cold isostatically pressed and then vacuum sintered. The temperature and duration of the sintering process are tuned to achieve a balance between high density and fine grain size. Highly dense (i.e., porosity ≤1 vol%) polycrystalline mantle mineral composites with grain size of 0.3–1.1 μm are successfully synthesized with this method.  相似文献   

Dissolution of silica accompanied by oxygen consumption in the bottom layer of Japan’s central Seto Inland Sea in summer     

Kazuo Abe  Norihisa Nakagawa  Katsuyuki Abo  Mutsumi Tsujino 《Journal of Oceanography》2014,70(3):267-276

Distribution of silicic acid (Si(OH)₄) in bottom water was investigated in the central Seto Inland Sea under stratified conditions in summer. Water samples were collected at 10 stations on April 24 and 25 and July 7 and 8, 2012. In July, stratification progressed, and a cold water mass (dome) of <20 °C appeared. In response to the cold dome, low oxygen content was observed in the bottom layer of the eastern part of Hiuchi-Nada. In this water mass site, apparent oxygen utilization values calculated from dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations increased, coinciding with increase of Si(OH)₄ concentrations from April to July. This suggests that increase of Si(OH)₄ [dissolution of biogenic silica (diatom frustules)] was accompanied by DO consumption due to degradation of organic matter such as plankton soft tissue. These findings suggest that a bacterial degradation of the organic matrix that covers diatom frustules could accelerate the dissolution of biogenic silica in bottom water under stratified conditions.  相似文献   

Impact of tropical and subtropical SSTs on mid-latitude tropospheric warming in the northern summer of 2010     

Chiaki Kobayashi 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):1871-1882

The relationship between mid-latitude tropospheric warming (MLTW) and the tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in June–August (JJA) of 2010 has been investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model forced with the evolving observed SSTs. The simulation results indicate that the SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the equatorial Pacific in JJA 2010, indicating La Niña condition, did not contribute simultaneously to produce the MLTW in JJA 2010, and, instead, the SSTAs in the northern subtropics (the whole latitudinal band between 10°N and 30°N) contributed. However, it is shown by the results that enough magnitude of the atmospheric height anomalies over the northern mid-latitude was not reproduced by the SSTAs over the northern subtropical Indo-western Pacific (IWP) alone or over the northern subtropical Atlantic alone. It implies that both the SSTA over the northern subtropics of IWP and Atlantic were necessary to reproduce the MLTW. The possible role of convective activity for the MLTW is also discussed.  相似文献   

Geochemical Characteristics,Origin, and Evolution of Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn Deposit,West of Yazd in Central Iran     

Azam Zahedi  Mohammad Boomeri  Kazuo Nakashima  Mohammad Ali Mackizadeh  Masao Ban  David R. Lentz 《Resource Geology》2014,64(3):209-232

The Khut copper skarn deposit is located at about 50 km northwest of Taft City in Yazd province in the middle part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of granitoid of Oligocene–Miocene age into carbonate rocks of the Triassic Nayband Formation led to the formation of marble and a calcic skarn. The marble contains high grade Cu mineralization that occurs mainly as open space filling and replacement. Cu‐rich sulfide samples from the mineralized marble are also anomalous in Au, Zn, and Pb. In contrast, the calcic skarn is only weakly anomalous in Cu and W. The calcic skarn is divided into garnet skarn and garnet–pyroxene skarn zones. Paragenetic relationships and microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in garnet and calcite indicate that the compositional evolution of skarn minerals occurred in three main stages as follows. (i) The early prograde stage, which is characterized by Mg‐rich hedenbergite (Hd_53.7Di_42.3–Hd_86.1Di_9.5) with Al‐bearing andradite (69.8–99.5 mol% andradite). The temperature in the early prograde skarn varies from 400 to 500°C at 500 bar. (ii) The late prograde stage is manifested by almost pure andradite (96.2–98.4 mol% andradite). Based on the fluid inclusion data from garnet, fluid temperature and salinity in this stage is estimated to vary from 267 to 361°C and from 10.1 to 21.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pyrrhotite precipitation started during this stage. (iii) The retrograde stage occurs in an exoskarn, which consists of an assemblage of ferro‐actinolite, quartz, calcite, epidote, chlorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite that partially replaces earlier mineral assemblages under hydrostatic conditions during fracturing of the early skarn. Fluids in calcite yielded lower temperatures (T < 260°C) and fluid salinity declined to ～8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The last stage mineralization in the deposit is supergene weathering/alteration represented by the formation of iron hydroxide, Cu‐carbonate, clay minerals, and calcite. Sulfur isotope data of chalcopyrite (δ³⁴S of +1.4 to +5.2‰) show an igneous sulfur source. Mineralogy and mineral compositions of the prograde assemblage of the Khut skarn are consistent with deposition under intermediately oxidized and slightly lower fS₂ conditions at shallow crustal levels compared with those of other typical Fe‐bearing Cu–Au skarn systems.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal variations of Jurassic–Cretaceous magmatism in eastern Asia (Tan‐Lu Fault to SW Japan): evidence for flat‐slab subduction and slab rollback     

Kazuo Kiminami  Teruyoshi Imaoka 《地学学报》2013,25(5):414-422

Here, we examine spatiotemporal variations of Jurassic–Cretaceous magmatism along a c. 1000‐km transect across eastern Asia, including SW Japan, the Korean, Jiaodong and Liaodong peninsulas, and eastern Jilin Province. Integration of tectonic regime data with age data from igneous rocks in eastern Asia (from the Tan‐Lu Fault to SW Japan) suggests a shallowing of the subduction angle and subsequent flat‐slab subduction during the Jurassic, and slab rollback during the Early Cretaceous. The combination of a subducting plateau and root‐enhanced suction provides the best explanation for the flat‐slab subduction. In the final stage (Albian) of slab rollback, the geotectonic setting changed from subduction–accretion to a continental arc in the area close to the ancient trench (i.e. the Inner Zone of SW Japan).  相似文献   

Dynamics of pelagic variables in two contrasting coastal systems in the western Hokkaido coast off Otaru port,Japan     

Julius I. Agboola  Mario Uchimiya  Isao Kudo  Kazuo Kido  Masato Osawa 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010,86(3):477-484

Human impact on adjacent coastal waters, leading to alteration in nutritional environment and hence affecting phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll a), will probably be enhanced by the nearby presence of ports. The main goal of this study is to assess the influence of nearby presence of port on phytoplankton biomass build-up and the physical–chemical environmental characteristics in two contrasting coastal systems (Otaru port, S-IN and an exposed coastal area, S-OUT) in the western Hokkaido coast off Otaru port, Japan. Sampling was conducted on “bi-weekly and monthly” basis during the period of September 2006–December 2007 and data comprising 11 pelagic variables were obtained. In most instance, phytoplankton biomass, nutrients' (NH₄, NO₃, PO₄, and Si(OH)₄) concentrations and nutrients' molar ratios were higher at the Otaru port location. Physical parameters (temperature, salinity, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and dissolved oxygen, (DO)) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two locations. With the exception of salinity, pH and DIC, all variables measured showed significant variation (P < 0.05) with season. While the coefficient of variation (CV) of physical parameters and phytoplankton biomass were relatively higher in Otaru port location (S-IN), the exposed coastal location (S-OUT) showed a higher variation in chemical parameters. Other variables showed different patterns between the two locations. We conclude that ports, due to its activities and restricted circulation favour high nutrient loading and phytoplankton biomass build-up in adjacent coastal systems, thus, suggesting the need for continuous field observation data in order to advance our knowledge on possible future human impact on coastal environment and the need to monitor and control port activities.  相似文献   

Laboratory Enrichment of Radioactive Assemblages and Estimation of Thorium and Uranium Radioactivity in Fractions Separated from Placer Sands in Southeast Bangladesh     

Takayuki Sasaki  Mohammad Rajib  Masafumi Akiyoshi  Taishi Kobayashi  Ikuji Takagi  Toshiyuki Fujii  Md. Mashrur Zaman 《Natural Resources Research》2015,24(2):209-220

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The High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C)     

Ken Kobayashi  Jonathan Cirtain  Amy R. Winebarger  Kelly Korreck  Leon Golub  Robert W. Walsh  Bart De Pontieu  Craig DeForest  Alan Title  Sergey Kuzin  Sabrina Savage  Dyana Beabout  Brent Beabout  William Podgorski  David Caldwell  Kenneth McCracken  Mark Ordway  Henry Bergner  Richard Gates  Sean McKillop  Peter Cheimets  Simon Platt  Nick Mitchell  David Windt 《Solar physics》2014,289(11):4393-4412

The High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) was flown on a NASA sounding rocket on 11 July 2012. The goal of the Hi-C mission was to obtain high-resolution (≈?0.3?–?0.4′′), high-cadence (≈?5 seconds) images of a solar active region to investigate the dynamics of solar coronal structures at small spatial scales. The instrument consists of a normal-incidence telescope with the optics coated with multilayers to reflect a narrow wavelength range around 19.3 nm (including the Fe xii 19.5-nm spectral line) and a 4096×4096 camera with a plate scale of 0.1′′?pixel^?1. The target of the Hi-C rocket flight was Active Region 11520. Hi-C obtained 37 full-frame images and 86 partial-frame images during the rocket flight. Analysis of the Hi-C data indicates the corona is structured on scales smaller than currently resolved by existing satellite missions.  相似文献   

Coronal Mass Ejections Observed at the Total Solar Eclipse on 13 November 2012     

Yoichiro Hanaoka  Jun Nakazawa  Osamu Ohgoe  Yoshiaki Sakai  Kazuo Shiota 《Solar physics》2014,289(7):2587-2599

White-light observations of the total solar eclipse on 13 November 2012 were made at two sites, where the totality occurred 35 min apart. The structure of the corona from the solar limb to a couple of solar radii was observed with a wide dynamic range and a high signal-to-noise ratio. An ongoing coronal mass ejection (CME) and a pre-CME loop structure just before the eruption were observed in the height range between 1?–?2 R_⊙. The source region of CMEs was revealed to be in this height range, where the material and the magnetic field of CMEs were located before the eruption. This height range includes the gap between the extreme ultraviolet observations of the low corona and the spaceborne white-light observations of the high corona, but the eclipse observation shows that this height range is essential for the study of CME initiation. The eclipse observation is basically just a snapshot of CMEs, but it indicates the importance of a continuous coverage of CME observations in this height range in the future.  相似文献