The availability of hydrogeologic data associated with areas identified by the US Geological Survey as experiencing potentially induced seismicity resulting from subsurface injection     

Caitlin Barnes  Todd Halihan 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(3):743-754

A critical need exists for site-specific hydrogeologic data in order to determine potential hazards of induced seismicity and to manage risk. By 2015, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) had identified 17 locations in the USA that are experiencing an increase in seismicity, which may be potentially induced through industrial subsurface injection. These locations span across seven states, which vary in geological setting, industrial exposure and seismic history. Comparing the research across the 17 locations revealed patterns for addressing induced seismicity concerns, despite the differences between geographical locations. Most induced seismicity studies evaluate geologic structure and seismic data from areas experiencing changes in seismic activity levels, but the inherent triggering mechanism is the transmission of hydraulic pressure pulses. This research conducted a systematic review of whether data are available in these locations to generate accurate hydrogeologic predictions, which could aid in managing seismicity. After analyzing peer-reviewed research within the 17 locations, this research confirms a lack of site-specific hydrogeologic data availability for at-risk areas. Commonly, formation geology data are available for these sites, but hydraulic parameters for the seismically active injection and basement zones are not available to researchers conducting peer-reviewed research. Obtaining hydrogeologic data would lead to better risk management for injection areas and provide additional scientific evidential support for determining a potentially induced seismic area.  相似文献   

Short note: the experimental geopotential model XGM2016     

R. Pail  T. Fecher  D. Barnes  J. F. Factor  S. A. Holmes  T. Gruber  P. Zingerle 《Journal of Geodesy》2018,92(4):443-451

As a precursor study for the upcoming combined Earth Gravitational Model 2020 (EGM2020), the Experimental Gravity Field Model XGM2016, parameterized as a spherical harmonic series up to degree and order 719, is computed. XGM2016 shares the same combination methodology as its predecessor model GOCO05c (Fecher et al. in Surv Geophys 38(3): 571–590, 2017. doi: 10.1007/s10712-016-9406-y). The main difference between these models is that XGM2016 is supported by an improved terrestrial data set of \(15^\prime \times 15^\prime \) gravity anomaly area-means provided by the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), resulting in significant upgrades compared to existing combined gravity field models, especially in continental areas such as South America, Africa, parts of Asia, and Antarctica. A combination strategy of relative regional weighting provides for improved performance in near-coastal ocean regions, including regions where the altimetric data are mostly unchanged from previous models. Comparing cumulative height anomalies, from both EGM2008 and XGM2016 at degree/order 719, yields differences of 26 cm in Africa and 40 cm in South America. These differences result from including additional information of satellite data, as well as from the improved ground data in these regions. XGM2016 also yields a smoother Mean Dynamic Topography with significantly reduced artifacts, which indicates an improved modeling of the ocean areas.  相似文献   

Simulating estuarine nitrous oxide production by means of a dynamic model     

Rodrigues PP  Barnes J  Upstill-Goddard RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(2):164-172

We describe a dynamic model developed from a commercially available modeling package (ECoS-III) to simulate estuarine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) dynamics, and consequent N(2)O production and atmospheric flux on the timescale of tidal cycles. Simulated model state variables were NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and N(2)O concentrations, and salinity. Model outputs were evaluated through comparison with summer field data for the Tyne estuary, UK. The model adequately reproduced the observed axial profiles of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and N(2)O concentrations. Nitrification was shown to be the dominant N(2)O source and estimates of the ratios nitrification to DIN load and N(2)O emission to DIN load are considerably lower than the corresponding values adopted in global scale models of estuarine N(2)O emissions based on DIN transformations. Hence our results are consistent with the requirement imposed by atmospheric N(2)O growth rate constraints that the amount of atmospheric N(2)O arising from agriculturally related sources, including estuarine transformations of N, be revised downward.  相似文献   

Portable seiche gauge     

E. J. Barnes 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):459-465

A portable instrument with a power consumption of less than 1 W has been developed to measure water height at temporary locations. The full scale range of the recorder is 500 mm, and resolution is better than 5 mm water height. Results obtained with the instrument are given, showing seiche activity in a lake.  相似文献   

On Titan’s Xanadu region     

Robert H. Brown  Jason W. Barnes 《Icarus》2011,214(2):556-560

A large, circular marking ∼1800 km across is seen in near-infrared images of Titan. The feature is centered at 10°S, 120°W on Titan, encompasses much of Titan’s western Xanadu region, and has an off-center, quasi-circular, inner margin about 700 km across, with lobate outer margins extending 200-500 km from the inner margin. On the feature’s southern flank is Tui Regio, an area that has very high reflectivity at 5 μm, and is hypothesized to exhibit geologically recent cryovolcanic flows (Barnes, J.W. et al. [2006]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33), similar to flows seen in Hotei Regio, a cryovolcanic area whose morphology may be controlled by pre-existing, crustal fractures resulting from an ancient impact (Soderblom, L.A. et al. [2009]. Icarus, 204). The spectral reflectivity of the large, circular feature is quite different than that of its surroundings, making it compositionally distinct, and radar measurements of its topography, brightness temperature and volume scattering also suggest that the feature is quite distinct from its surroundings. These and several other lines of evidence, in addition to the feature’s morphology, suggest that it may occupy the site of an ancient impact.  相似文献   

Resolving the Azimuthal Ambiguity in Vector Magnetogram Data with the Divergence-Free Condition: Application to Discrete Data     

A. D. Crouch  G. Barnes  K. D. Leka 《Solar physics》2009,260(2):271-287

We investigate how the divergence-free property of magnetic fields can be exploited to resolve the azimuthal ambiguity present in solar vector magnetogram data, by using line-of-sight and horizontal heliographic derivative information as approximated from discrete measurements. Using synthetic data we test several methods that each make different assumptions about how the divergence-free property can be used to resolve the ambiguity. We find that the most robust algorithm involves the minimisation of the absolute value of the divergence summed over the entire field of view. Away from disk centre this method requires the sign and magnitude of the line-of-sight derivatives of all three components of the magnetic field vector.  相似文献   

Some new ideas on induction in infinitely- conducting oceans of arbitrary shapes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. C. Hewson-Browne  P.C. Kendall 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,53(3):431-444

summary . The problem of an infinitely-conducting hemispherical'ocean'above a perfectly-conducting concentric sphere is solved by using Legendre polynomial expansions. Some of the techniques used in manipulating the expansions are believed to be novel. The form of the solution leads to a new general method for oceans of arbitrary shapes.  相似文献   

The Computation of the Magnetic Field of any Axisymmetric Current Distribution—with Magnetospheric Applications     

P. C. Kendall  S. Chapman  S. -I. Akasofu  P. N. Swartztrauber 《Geophysical Journal International》1966,11(3):349-364

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Deposition of deep-sea manganese nodules     

David A Crerar  H.L Barnes 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1974,38(2):279-300

Manganese at equilibrium in seawater occurs dominantly as Mn²⁺ and inorganic complexes at a concentration ratio of about 1:0.72; solubility decreases exponentially with increasing pH or Eh. However, the nodule oxides birnessite and todorokite are at least four orders of magnitude undersaturated relative to the Mn concentrations of seawater, and are metastable relative to hausmannite and manganite. This apparent lack of equilibrium is explicable by the mechanism of precipitation.Surfaces assist Mn precipitation by catalyzing equilibration between dissolved and reactive O₂ and simultaneously also by adsorbing ionic Mn species. The effective Eh at the surface becomes 200–400 mV above that of seawater; the oxidation rate of Mn increases about 10⁸ ×, and the activation energies for Mn oxidation decrease ~ 11.5 kcal/mole. Consequently, marine Mn nodules and crusts form by adsorption and catalytic oxidation of Mn²⁺ and ferrous ions at nucleating surfaces such as sea-floor silicates, oxyhydroxides, carbonates, phosphates and biogenic debris. The resulting ferromanganese surfaces autocatalyze further growth. In addition, Mn-fixing bacteria may also significantly accelerate accretion rates on these surfaces.Mn which accumulates in submarine sediments may be diagenetically recycled in response to steep solubility gradients causing upward migration from more acidic and reducing horizons toward the sea floor. In contrast, the concentrations of the predominant ferric complexes, Fe(OH)₃⁰ and Fe(OH)₄^?, are relatively less sensitive to the Eh's and pH's found in this environment; Fe is therefore not as readily recycled within buried sediments. Consequently, Fe is not so effectively enriched on the sea floor, although it precipitates more readily than Mn because seawater is saturated in amorphous Fe(OH)₃.The metastable, perhaps kinetically-related, Mn oxides of nodules have a characteristic distribution: birnessite predominates in oxidizing environments of low sedimentation rate and todorokite where sedimentation rates and diagenetic Mn mobility are higher. Surface adsorption and cation substitution within the disordered birnessite-todorokite structure account for the high trace element content of Mn nodules.  相似文献   

Micropulsations and orthogonal curvilinear coordinates     

P.C. Kendall 《Planetary and Space Science》1979,27(6):895-899

The theory of torsional hydromagnetic oscillations of the magnetosphere is usually cast in terms of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. For a general magnetic field B with potential Ω it is shown that no coordinates exist in which a suitable solution may be found unless the Alfvén velocity V_A, together with B and Ω satisfy certain functional relationships. In the case V_A = constant, for example we must have . The relationships presented are in fact satisfied by all the magnetic fields considered to date.  相似文献