Selection of Streets from a Network Using Self-Organizing Maps   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Bin Jiang  Lars Harrie 《Transactions in GIS》2004,8(3):335-350

We propose a novel approach to selection of important streets from a network, based on the technique of a self‐organizing map (SOM), an artificial neural network algorithm for data clustering and visualization. Using the SOM training process, the approach derives a set of neurons by considering multiple attributes including topological, geometric and semantic properties of streets. The set of neurons constitutes a SOM, with which each neuron corresponds to a set of streets with similar properties. Our approach creates an exploratory linkage between the SOM and a street network, thus providing a visual tool to cluster streets interactively. The approach is validated with a case study applied to the street network in Munich, Germany.  相似文献   

Displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure in quick clay deposits and the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors     

Takashi Okamoto  Jan Otto Larsen  Sumio Matsuura  Shiho Asano  Yoshitsugu Takeuchi  Lars Grande 《Engineering Geology》2004,72(3-4):233-251

This study aimed to identify displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure and factors that affect the landslides activities in areas where quick clay is found. We set up a research site in a quick clay deposit area in Norway and monitored the displacements of landslide masses and meteorological and hydrological factors for a long period of time using an automatic monitoring system. The system collected data for two landslides that occurred at the site from the start of their movement until their ultimate collapse.

The two landslides that were monitored showed definite secondary and tertiary creep stages before they collapsed. One of the landslides moved from the secondary stage to the tertiary creep stage when another landslide occurred nearby. The tertiary stage of this landslide showed reconstruction of short primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. These phenomena suggested that (1) the stress at the end of the landslide mass was released during the nearby landslide, and (2) a new stress distribution was formed in the landslide mass. The critical strain differed for 14 times between the two landslide masses we monitored. The difference was likely attributable to the difference in the contents of quick clay, which shows small critical stress against slope failure, as well as topological factors.

Our analyses of the effects of hydrological and meteorological factors on landslides showed that the precipitation of 3 and 10 days before six slope failures as the final stages of the landslides that had occurred in the research area was no different from the mean precipitation of periods that showed no slope failure, suggesting that precipitation had no direct effects on the collapse of the landslide masses. On the other hand, the traveling velocities of the landslide masses during the secondary creep stage, which was prior to their collapse, were affected by the water content of the soil and precipitation (and the amount of snowmelt water), but was little correlated with the pore-water pressure of the quick clay layer. We also found that the presence of snow cover scarcely affected landslide movements.  相似文献   

Formation of turbid ice during autumn freeze-up in the Kara Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lars H. Smedsrud 《Polar research》2003,22(2):267-286

A one-dimensional (vertical) model is used to estimate the mass of ice-rafted sediment in turbid sea ice on the shallow Kara Sea shelf during autumn freeze-up. Sediment is entrained into the ice through aggregation with frazil ice crystals that are diffused downwards by wind-generated turbulence. Data from local meteorological stations are used to force the model, while water stratification and sediment concentrations from the area are used to initiate the model. Model results indicate a 0.2 m thick layer of slush ice created during 48 h with a mean wind of 6 m/s and an air temperature of −10°C. This ice contains ca. 20 mg/1 of sediment, or in total ca. 2% of the annual sediment discharge by nearby rivers. In shallow areas (<20 m depth) the process is very effective with winds of ca. 12 m/s, and the process can incorporate many years of sediment discharge. In the deeper areas (>20 m depth), the strong salinity stratification implies that winds above 18 m/s are needed for the process to be effective. For the rest of the winter months the same process may lead to additional sediment incorporated in a coastal polynya, but the freeze-up alone has the capacity to incorporate the total summer discharge of sediment into the surface ice. Calculated sediment concentrations in the surface ice cover are in the range 3 mg/1-19 g/1, in good agreement with available field data.  相似文献   

Integral formulas for heterogeneous data in physical geodesy     

Lars Sjoberg 《Journal of Geodesy》1979,53(4):297-315

The least squares estimator is derived for a random stochastic process implied by one or two heterogeneous random stochastic processes on a sphere. The solution can be regarded as least squares collocation in the continuous case. When the method is applied in physical geodesy the statistical expectation is usually substituted by the global average and the method will then give the minimum mean squares errors of the estimated quantities. The solutions can also be considered as generalizations of the classical integral formulas in physical geodesy for heterogeneous data information.  相似文献   

Triassic lacustrine red-beds and palaeoclimate: The „Buntsandstein“ of Helgoland and the malmros Klint member of East Greenland     

Lars B. Clemmensen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(2):748-774

The playa-lake origin of the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein of Helgoland and the Upper Triassic Malmros Klint Member of East Greenland is suggested by: the continental setting; absence of marine fossils and occurrence of fresh-water trace fossils; evidence of shallow water, fluctuations in water level, frequent subaerial exposure and oxidizing depositional conditions; evidence of low-energy wave-action and absence of evidence for tidal influence. The Buntsandstein contains aeolian dunes and evaporites, but only rare fluvial sandstones and very rare fresh-water trace fossils. In contrast the Malmros Klint Member contains no aeolian sandstones and evaporites, but common fluvial sandstones and numerous fresh-water trace fossils. Wave ripple crest orientation suggests that both sequences were deposited during the influence of alternating NE and SE trade winds. The Buntsandstein appears to have been deposited in a central trade wind region with dominant winds from SE and short rainy seasons; the Malmros Klint Member was apparently deposited in a marginal trade wind region with dominant NE winds and longer rainy seasons.

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Zusammenfassung Der Buntsandstein auf Helgoland und der Malmros Klint Member (Obere Trias) in Ostgrönland werden als Playaseebildungen interpretiert auf Grund von: Vorkommen von Süßwasser-Lebenspuren und Mangel an marinen Fossilien; Beweise für Seichtwasser, Schwankungen in Wassertiefen, häufige Trockenlegung und oxydierende Ablagerungsverhältnisse; Beweise für schwachen Wellenschlag aber Mangel an Gezeiten; der stratigraphischen Einfügung in einer kontinentalen Schichtenfolge. Der Buntsandstein enthält Winddünen und Evaporite, aber nur wenige fluviatile Sandsteine und einzelne Süßwasser-Lebenspuren. Im Gegensatz dazu enthält der Malmros Klint Member keine äolische Sandsteine und keine Evaporite, sondern viele fluviatile Sandsteine und zahlreiche Süßwasser-Lebenspuren. Die Orientierung der Oszillationsrippelkämme beweist vermutlich, daß die beiden Schichtenfolgen während des Einflusses umlaufender Nordost- und Südostpassatwinde abgelagert wurden. Der Buntsandstein wurde wahrscheinlich in einer zentralen Passatwindregion mit vorherrschenden Südostwinden und kurzen Regenperioden abgelagert; der Malmros Klint Member wurde wahrscheinlich in einer Randpassatwindregion mit vorherrschenden Nordostwinden und längeren Regenperioden abgelagert.

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Résumé Le Grès bigarré (Trias inférieur) de Héligoland et le Malmros Klint Member (Trias supérieur) du Groenland oriental sont interprétés comme des formations lacustres éphémères à cause de: présence d'ichnofossiles d'eau douce et l'absence de fossiles marins; évidence d'eau peu profonde, variation de la profondeur d'eau fréquentes dessiccations et conditions sédimentaires oxydantes; évidence d'action calme des vagues, mais absence de marée; 1'emplacement stratigraphique dans une séquence continentale. Le Grès bigarré contient des dépôts éoliens et des évaporites, mais peu de grès fluviatiles et des ichnofossiles rares d'eau douce. Par contre le Malmos Klint Member ne contient ni de grès éoliens, ni d'évaporites, mais plusieurs grès fluviatiles et de nombreux ichnofossiles d'eau douce. L'orientation des crêtes ripplemarks semble prouver que les deux séquences ont été déposées sous l'influence des alizés du nord-est et du sud-est. Le Grès bigarré de Héligoland semble s'être déposé dans une région centrale des alizés avec des vents dominants du sud-est et de brèves saisons pluvieuses. Evidemment le Malmros Klint Member s'est déposé dans une région marginale des alizés avec des vents dominants du nord-est et des saisons pluvieuses plus longues.

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The length of closed geomorphic lines     

Lars Håkanson 《Mathematical Geosciences》1978,10(2):141-167

This paper is based on the study of shore line length of 12 Swedish lakes on various maps ranging in scale from 1:10,000 1:1,000,000. The lakes differ in size, from Lake Munksjön, which has an area of 1.1 km², to Lake Vänern with an area of 5893 km², and also in shore line irregularity, ranging from the rather regular basins of Lake Munksjön and Lake Erken to the very irregular basin of Lake Mälaren. A “new ” method, the checkered transparent paper method (the CTP-method), was adopted to measure the shore length of certain lakes on various maps. Length determination by this method can be executed quickly and easily, and in a statistically definable way, giving comparable data from various types of map. A formula defining the functional relationship between scale, shore irregularity, shore length, and lake area has been derived: $$NF = F(K_{2} - K_{1})/[K_{2} - log(s + a)]$$ or $$1_{n} = 1(K_{2} - K_{1} )/[K_{2} - log(s + a)]$$ where NF = the normalized shore development (shore irregularity) at a scale of 1:1; F = the shore development as determined on a given map scale; s = the scale factor (10,000, 50,000 etc); a = 10⁵ ? log A, where 10⁵ = the area constant; A = the lake area in km²; K₁ = log(s + a) for s = 1, i.e. the reference scale; K₂ = log(s + a) for s = 6,000,000, where 6,000,000 is called the scale constant; 1 = the shore length as determined by the CTP-method on a given map; and 1_n = the normalized shore length at a scale of 1:1. The formula offers a high degree of accuracy and the length of any closed geomorphic line can be determined independently of map scale, under given practical limitations. The length value obtain is the normalized length, that is the best approximation of the real, natural length at a scale of 1:1.  相似文献   

Exploring socio-hydrological determinants of crop yield in under-performing irrigation schemes: pathways for sustainable intensification     

Muhammad Khalifa  Nadir Ahmed Elagib  Bashir Mohammed Ahmed  Lars Ribbe  Karl Schneider 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(Z3):153-168

ABSTRACT

Understanding the human–water–food–climate nexus is central to achieving sustainable intensification (SI) in agriculture. This research uses a socio-hydrological approach to understand the underpinning for implementing SI in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan, by integrating vegetation indices derived from remote sensing, ancillary, gridded soil and precipitation data, supplemented by interviews with 393 farmers. The productivity gap was estimated as the difference between the potential and actual productivities. Based upon data on farmers’ socio-economic status and field practices, a regression tree model was built to determine the factors that control the sorghum yield. The model revealed that the financial status of farmers and access to water are the most influential factors on sorghum yield. A conceptual framework that elucidates SI and its bi-directional feedback to the environment, society and the economy is proposed. Implementing SI in the scheme has implications on water and food security in Sudan and beyond its borders.  相似文献   

The establishment of a GPS deformation network in the ethiopian rift valley     

Lars E. Sjberg  Erick Asenjo  Abera Alemu 《Journal of Geodynamics》1991,14(1-4)

In April and May 1989 the satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) was employed in the establishment of three deformation networks in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The net E1 consists of 6 points of about 100–270 km interdistances, with two points located on each of the African and the Somalian plate and two points down in the rift. In addition two separate GPS traverses were established: one (E2) runs across the rift, and one (E3) runs about 500 km along the rift.The remeasurement of a 175 km long baseline included in two subcampaigns indicates a repeatability of the GPS observations of the order of 1×10⁻⁷ and 3×10⁻⁷ for slope distance and ellipsoidal height, respectively.Along the E2 traverse GPS/trigonometric levelled geoid undulations and gravimetric geoid undulations agree well, while the discrepancy along the E3 traverse needs further analysis.  相似文献   

Lagrangian modelling of dispersion,sedimentation and resuspension processes in marine environments     

Lars Gidhagen  Dr. Lars Rahm  Leif Nyberg 《Ocean Dynamics》1989,42(3-6):249-270

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A simple method of quantifying filamentous algae in microscope     

Lars Ramberg 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1988,50(2):189-192

A fast and simple method to quantify filamentous algae in inverted microscope is described. It is based on the number of intersections between the midline of a diametrical transect and the filaments on the chamber bottom. It is shown to be theoretically sound and is compared with the common length measurement method.  相似文献