Dimensional Analysis of the Flare Distribution Problem     

Litvinenko  Yuri E. 《Solar physics》1998,180(1-2):393-396

Dimensional analysis is used to derive the distribution of solar flare energies,p() = A-^3/2, in accordance with recent observational and numerical results. Several other scalings, notably _fl ² , where _fl is the flare duration, are obtained as well.  相似文献   

Energy Balance in the Corona over the 22-Year Solar Cycle     

Litvinenko  Yuri E.  Wheatland  M.S. 《Solar physics》2004,219(2):265-277

Wheatland and Litvinenko (2001) presented a model for dynamical energy balance in the flaring solar corona which predicts a time lag between flare occurrence and the supply of energy to the corona (`driving'). They also suggested that an observed net lag between flare numbers and sunspot numbers over cycles 21 and 22 might provide support for the model. Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier (2003) examined data for five individual solar cycles (19–23) and confirmed a lag between flare and sunspot numbers for odd solar cycles, but found no lag for even cycles. Following the suggestion of Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier, the energy balance model is here extended to incorporate 22-year driving consistent with the phenomenological Gnevyshev—Ohl rule. The model is found to exhibit a greater lag for the smaller (even) cycles, in contradiction with the findings of Temmer, Veronig, and Hanslmeier. A modification to the model is investigated in which the flaring rate is proportional to the free energy and to the driving rate for small driving rates, but is proportional only to the free energy for large driving rates. The modified model can in principle account for the observations.  相似文献   

Relativistic acceleration of protons in reconnecting current sheets of solar flares   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yu. E. Litvinenko  B. V. Somov 《Solar physics》1995,158(2):317-330

Acceleration of protons in a reconnecting current sheet (RCS), which forms as a consequence of filament eruption in the corona, is considered as a possible mechanism of generation of the relativistic particles during the late phase of solar flares. In order to explain the acceleration of protons and heavier ions up to several GeV in a time of < 0.1 s, the transverse electric field outside the RCS must be taken into account. Physically, this field is always present as a consequence of electric charge separation owing to the difference in the electron and proton masses. The new effect demonstrated in this paper is that the transverse electric field efficiently locks nonthermal ions in the RCS, thus allowing their acceleration by the direct electric field in the RCS. The mechanism considered may be useful in construction of a model for generation of relativistic ions in large gamma-ray/proton flares.  相似文献   

Regular versus chaotic motion of charged particles in non-neutral current sheets     

Yu. E. Litvinenko 《Solar physics》1993,147(2):337-342

Charged particle motion in reconnecting current sheets (CS) can be both regular and chaotic, depending on the values of transverse (perpendicular to the CS plane) and longitudinal (parallel to the electric field inside the CS) components of the magnetic field. The non-zero transverse field gives rise to chaos, whereas a sufficiently large longitudinal field tends to stabilize the motion. The longitudinal field change in time may be the cause of different regimes of electron acceleration in solar flares and magnetospheric substorms.  相似文献   

Volcanic ash as a factor for radioecological conditions in Kamchatka part 1. The abundance and hypergene transformation of Th and U in recent volcanic ash     

Yu. S. Litvinenko  L. V. Zakharikhina 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2016,10(1):50-63

Concentrations of Th and U in fresh ash ejected by active volcanoes in Kamchatka are generally considerably below their Clarke values in their respective types of rock. The bulk concentrations of Th and U in andesitic and basaltic ashes do not show any obvious differences. The concentrations of their mobile forms decrease with increasing basicity of the ash. We revealed overall positive linear trends in the series of bulk concentrations for Th and U and a negative trend of Th/U in ashes that have been arranged over eruption year. Considerable quantities of mobile forms of radioactive elements fall during ashfalls in dissolved form or are sorbed by falling snow directly from the dispersive medium of volcanic aerosols. The original fractions of all of the mobile forms are 0.68–1.93% for Th and 1.16–3.21% for U. The bulk of these come to the Earth’s surface during eruptions when no snow cover was available. The quantities of mobile forms of Th and U were considerably decreased when ejected by winter-time eruptions during the time they resided in the snow.  相似文献   

Volcanic ash as a factor in the generation of radioecological conditions in Kamchatka part II. The radiogeochemical properties of environmental components     

L.?V.?ZakharikhinaEmail author  Yu.?S.?Litvinenko 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2016,10(2):126-137

An area where fresh volcanic ash has fallen was found to have concentrations of Th and U that exceed the background values by factors of 270 and 32, respectively, for natural waters and by factors of 35 and 6 for plants. The soils and bottom deposits were not enriched in Th and U after a single ashfall; however the Th/U ratio decreased in these natural media relative to the background values, indicating a genetic affinity with young ashes where the concentration of highly mobile (relative to thorium) uranium is higher compared with older ashes. For areas far from active ashfalls, where the soils were formed on acid ash, we found higher background concentrations of Th and U in soils, surface waters, and bottom deposits, as well as higher gamma-ray background values above the Earth’s surface relative to the areas where the soils were formed on basic and intermediate ashes. This research resulted in the identification of two radioecological provinces in Kamchatka, viz., a Northern and a Southern province.  相似文献   

On genesis of organic matter in bottom sediments of hydrothermal field Ashadze-1, 13° N MAR     

V. I. Petrova  A. V. Kursheva  I. V. Litvinenko  I. P. Morgunova  T. V. Stepanova  G. A. Cherkashev 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2009,429(2):1583-1586

Comparative study of genesis and structure of dispersed organic matter (DOM) from background pelagic bottom sediments and sediments inside an active hydrothermal field Ashadze-1 collected during the cruise of the R/V “Professor Logachev” in 2003 was carried out. The received results allow to speak about an essential originality of structure and distribution of DOM in bottom sediments of the field Ashadze-1, according to unique physical and chemical conditions and facial specificity of sedimentation in hydrothermal zones. At the same time, attributes of petroleum hydrocarbons abiogenic synthesis hasn’t been fixed. Opposite, the received data allow to consider the process of fast maturing of biogenic OM in hydrothermal systems as a major factor of HC formation.  相似文献   

The conditions of existence and typomorphism of native gold in ores of the Degdekanskoe deposit (northeastern Russia) in black-shale strata     

I.S. Litvinenko 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2009,50(6):535-540

We studied the typomorphic features of native gold in orebodies with veinlet-disseminated quartz-sulfide mineralization at the Degdekanskoe deposit localized in Permian black-shale strata of the Ayan–Yuryakh anticlinorium in the upper-Yana–Chukchi folded area. With a successive HF and HNO₃ dissolution of samples, the abundance of native gold intimately intergrown with sulfides (on the average, 42.1%) and carbonaceous substance was revealed. It is shown that most of its grains are small and fine (the <0.25 mm fraction averages 90.2%) and are accumulated mainly in interstices. Two gold generations have been revealed: low-medium-grade (751–840‰) (main) and high-grade (885–931‰). The zonal structure of mineralization has been established. The upper, most enriched horizons bear coarser-grained gold of the two generations, which are localized in both sulfide and silicate minerals. With depth, the total content of gold decreases, the share of sulfide gold increases, and the grain size and grade also diminish, with the low-medium-grade generation prevailing.  相似文献   

New D.S.S.-data on the crustal structure of the baltic and Ukrainian Shields     

V.B. Sollogub  I.V. Litvinenko  A.V. Chekunov  S.A. Ankudinov  A.A. Ivanov  L.T. Kalyuzhnaya  L.K. Kokorina  A.A. Tripolsky 《Tectonophysics》1973,20(1-4):67-84

Recently completed investigations of the crustal structure on ancient shields of the East European platform carried out with the method of “deep seismic sounding” (D.S.S.) have drastically changed the previous notions about the deep structure of shields in general. In the upper crust, in the so-called “granitic” layer, complex anticlinal and synclinal structures as well as numerous faults, thrusts, etc., have been identified. A flattening of steeply dipping seismic interfaces with depth is observed. The crustal thickness in different tectonic zones ranges from 30 to 60 km. It is shown that the M-structure correlates with the sub-surface tectonics in the Ukrainian Shield.  相似文献   

Understanding Solar Flare Waiting-Time Distributions     

Wheatland  M.S.  Litvinenko  Y.E. 《Solar physics》2002,211(1-2):255-274

The observed distribution of waiting times t between X-ray solar flares of greater than C1 class listed in the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) catalog exhibits a power-law tail (t) for large waiting times (t>10hours). It is shown that the power-law index varies with the solar cycle. For the minimum phase of the cycle the index is =–1.4±0.1, and for the maximum phase of the cycle the index is –3.2±0.2. For all years 1975–2001, the index is –2.2±0.1. We present a simple theory to account for the observed waiting-time distributions in terms of a Poisson process with a time-varying rate (t). A common approximation of slow variation of the rate with respect to a waiting time is examined, and found to be valid for the GOES catalog events. Subject to this approximation the observed waiting-time distribution is determined by f(), the time distribution of the rate . If f() has a power-law form for low rates, the waiting time-distribution is predicted to have a power-law tail (t)^–(3+) (>–3). Distributions f() are constructed from the GOES data. For the entire catalog a power-law index =–0.9±0.1 is found in the time distribution of rates for low rates (<0.1hours ^–1). For the maximum and minimum phases power-law indices =–0.1±0.5 and =–1.7±0.2, respectively, are observed. Hence, the Poisson theory together with the observed time distributions of the rate predict power-law tails in the waiting-time distributions with indices –2.2±0.1 (1975–2001), –2.9±0.5 (maximum phase) and –1.3±0.2 (minimum phase), consistent with the observations. These results suggest that the flaring rate varies in an intrinsically different way at solar maximum by comparison with solar minimum. The implications of these results for a recent model for flare statistics (Craig, 2001) and more generally for our understanding of the flare process are discussed.  相似文献