From Lima to Paris,Part 1: The Lima Hangover     

Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):299-301

A growing body of literature suggests that an economic case may exist for investment in large-scale climate change mitigation. At the same time, however, investment is persistently falling well short of the levels required to prevent dangerous climate change, suggesting that economically attractive mitigation opportunities are being missed. To understand whether and where these opportunities exist, this article contrasts macro-level analyses of climate finance with micro-level bottom-up analyses of the scale and composition of low-carbon investment opportunities in four case study developing world cities. This analysis finds that there are significant opportunities to redirect existing finance streams towards more cost-effective, lower-carbon options. This would mobilize substantial new investment in climate mitigation. Two key explanations are proposed for the failure to exploit these opportunities. First, the composition of cost-effective measures is highly context-specific, varying from place to place and sector to sector. Macro-level analyses of climate finance flows are therefore poor indicators of the micro-level landscape for low-carbon investment. Specific local research is therefore needed to understand the opportunities for cost-effective mitigation at that level. Second, many opportunities require enabling governance arrangements that are not currently in place. Mobilizing new low-carbon investment and closing the ‘climate finance gap' therefore requires attention to policy frameworks and financing mechanisms that can facilitate the exploitation of cost-effective low-carbon options.

Policy relevance

The importance of increasing investment in climate mitigation, especially in developing nations, is well established. This article scrutinizes four city-level studies of the scope for cost-effective low-carbon investment, and finds that significant opportunities are not being exploited in developing world cities. Enabling governance structures may help to mainstream climate considerations into investments by local actors (households, businesses and government agencies). While climate finance distributed through international bodies such as the Green Climate Fund may not always be a suitable vehicle to invest directly in disaggregated, local-level measures, it can provide the incentives to develop these governance arrangements.  相似文献   

From Lima to Paris,Part 2: Injecting Ambition     

Michael Grubb  Heleen de Coninck  Ambuj D. Sagar 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):413-416

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Global carbon mechanisms: lessons and implications     

Michael Grubb  Tim Laing  Thomas Counsell  Catherine Willan 《Climatic change》2011,104(3-4):539-573

We outline the theoretical and political background to the global carbon mechanisms and how they emerged in the form of the Kyoto Protocol??s Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, and Intergovernmental Emissions Trading. We present empirical data on the response to date and the variants that have arisen. Based on this, we analyse the issues and evidence on the main controversies around additionality, efficiency and effectiveness of the instruments. The final part of the paper considers some of the implications for future development.  相似文献   

Development of flood hazard maps of Bangladesh using NOAA-AVHRR images with GIS     

MD MONIRUL ISLAM  KIMITERU SADO 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):337-355

Abstract

Flood hazard maps were developed using remote sensing (RS) data for the historical event of the 1988 flood with data of elevation height, and geological and physiographic divisions. Flood damage depends on the hydraulic factors which include characteristics of the flood such as the depth of flooding, rate of the rise in water level, propagation of a flood wave, duration and frequency of flooding, sediment load, and timing. In this study flood depth and “flood-affected frequency” within one flood event were considered for the evaluation of flood hazard assessment, where the depth and frequency of the flooding were assumed to be the major determinant in estimating the total damage function. Different combinations of thematic maps among physiography, geology, land cover and elevation were evaluated for flood hazard maps and a best combination for the event of the 1988 flood was proposed. Finally, the flood hazard map for Bangladesh and a flood risk map for the administrative districts of Bangladesh were proposed.  相似文献   

Study on the Algorithm to Retrieve Precipitation with X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

XIE Yanan  HUAN Jianping  TAO Yang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2010,24(5):614-621

In order to obtain the global precipitation distribution data,this paper investigates the precipitation distribution model,the normalized radar cross-section model,and the retrieval algorithm with X-band synthetic aperture radar (X-SAR).A new retrieval algorithm based on the surface-scattering reference attenuation is developed to retrieve the rain rate above the ground surface.This new algorithm needs no statistical work load and has more extensive applications.Calculations using the new algorithm for thre...  相似文献   

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and genesis of the bauxite deposits on the Gove and Mitchell Plateaux,northern Australia     

P. L. C. Grubb 《Mineralium Deposita》1970,5(3):248-272

For optimum bauxitisation conditions a relatively stable geomorphological history is essential. On the Gove and Mitchell Plateaux therefore, the adverse effects of land emergence and ensuing planation are counteracted by associated mild synclinal warping, so that the deposits constituted coastal hinge zones of at least two successive land (erosion) cycles. Nevertheless, following the main Cretaceous and Tertiary period of bauxitisation by leaching, the deposits were partially submerged by the sea and, particularly at Mitchell Plateau, extensively reworked. Assisted by quantitative heavy mineral studies distinct unconformities within several bauxite profiles can be established. Finally, the quantitative mineralogy of both deposits is discussed in some detail and an origin (supported by experimental studies) proposed.

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Zusammenfassung Die beste Voraussetzung für eine optimale Bauxitisation ist geomorphologische Stabilität. Auf den Gove- und Mitchell-Plateaus wirken den gegensätzlichen Auswirkungen von Landhebung (epirogenetischer Bewegung) und darauf folgender Abflachung (durch Erosion) damit verbundene schwache synklinale Verzerrungen entgegen, so daß die Bauxit-Lager Übergangszonen zweier Küstengebiete von mindestens zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Erosions(gelände)zyklen bildeten. Nach der Kreide- und Tertiär-Periode der Bauxitisation durch Eigenauslaugung lagen diese Gebiete teilweise unter dem Meeresspiegel und wurden vor allem am Mitchell Plateau weitgehend aufgearbeitet. Mit Hilfe von quantitativen Analysen von Schwermineralen können deutliche Diskordanzen zwischen mehreren Bauxitprofilen festgestellt werden. Abschließend wird die quantitative Mineralogie beider Lager detailliert diskutiert und deren Ursprung (gestützt auf experimentelle Untersuchungen) vorgeschlagen.

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Phase changes in aged sesquioxide gels and some analogies with katamorphic processes     

P. L. C. Grubb 《Mineralium Deposita》1969,4(1):30-51

The phase changes detected in gel mixtures aged under different conditions offer certain analogies with natural katamorphic phenomena, particularly bauxitisation. pH is by far the most important single factor while composition and order of mixing come a close second. Certain factors also influence the distribution of aluminium in 4- and 6-fold co-ordination, while early stabilization of the latter in a boehmitic phase is an essential precursor to significant yields of kaolinite (including halloysite and hydrated and curled kaolinitic phases) but not for montmorillonite. Boehmite is the earliest phase in most gels and can be retained and crystallised under increased temperatures, pCO₂, or reduced pH conditions. Generally however, it is replaced by bayerite, gibbsite, and/or nordstrandite. In the light of these experimental and relevant geological data three main paragenetic sequences are examined: a) Montmorillonite-halloysite-(boehmite) associated in stagnant or waterlogged conditions; b) Kaolinite with subordinate boehmite (and gibbsite) under moderately drained conditions; c) Gibbsite from alkali-rich silica rocks with optimum drainage. As phase changes are in the large part determined by pH conditions attention is drawn to the importance of parent rock type in determining such levels. However, CO₂ is also shown to play a significant role. Finally a brief correlation is made between the experimental observations made here and various other paragenetic phenomena- including bauxitic deposits associated with marine activity.

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Zusammenfassung Phasenänderungen, die in verschieden gealterten Gelgemischen nachgewiesen wurden, zeigen Analoga zu natürlichen katamorphen Erscheinungen, in diesem Falle speziell zur Bauxitisation. Dabei spielt der pH-Wert eine Hauptrolle, während Art und Zusammensetzung der Mischung der Gel-Komponenten fast gleichbedeutend sind. Darüber hinaus beeinflussen bestimmte Faktoren die Verteilung des Aluminiums in Vierer- und Sechserkoordination, während die frühzeitige Festlegung des Aluminiums in einer boehmitischen Phase die wichtige Vorstufe für beträchtliche Kaolinitbildung (einschließlich Halloysit und hydrierten, gewellten Kaolinitphasen) ist, doch nicht für Montmorillonit. Boehmit ist in den meisten Gelen die früheste Phase, die bei zunehmender Temperatur und pCO₂, aber auch bei niedrigem pH, erhalten bleibt und auskristallisiert. Im allgemeinen wird Boehmit allerdings von Bayerit, Gibbsit und/oder Nordstrandit verdrängt. Im Lichte dieser experimentellen und geologisch augenscheinlichen Befunde wurden drei wichtige, paragenetische Folgestadien untersucht: a) Die Vergesellschaftung Montmorillonit-Halloysit (Boehmit) unter stagnierendem Wasser oder bei Wasser-Sättigung; b) Kaolinit mit wenig Boehmit (und Gibbsit) unter mäßigem Wasserabfluß; c) Gibbsit aus alkalireichen Silizium-Gesteinen unter optimaler Wasserbewegung. Da Phasenänderungen größtenteils durch pH-Veränderungen bedingt sind, wurde die Bedeutung des Ursprungsmaterials für diese physikalisch-chemische Konstante beachtet. Jedoch spielt hierbei das CO₂ eine wichtige Rolle. Abschließend wurde eine kurze Korrelation zwischen den gewonnenen experimentellen Beobachtungen und zahlreichen anderen paragenetischen Erscheinungen, einschließlich bauxitischer Ablagerungen, die mit marinen Vorgängen verknüpft sind, erörtert.

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Quantifying the UK’s incentives for low carbon investment     

Andrew Wordsworth  Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2003,3(1):77

The UK climate change programme has introduced a range of instruments to foster investment in low carbon technologies and markets. We estimate the total value of these interventions, in terms of the redirection of financial flows and directly foregone tax income, to be about £1.3 billion per year (c. Euro or US$ 2 billion per year), as from 2002 to 2003 when the renewable obligation certificates (ROCs) first take effect. About 20% of this consists of direct expenditure, the remaining 80% is in the form of indirect expenditures contained within sectors (ROCs, the energy efficiency commitments), and foregone tax revenues. Most of the energy-efficiency investment is estimated to recoup expenditure within normal life-cycles and may thus be considered profitable; the profitability of the supply-side interventions is predicated mostly upon expected cost reductions associated with the build up of the associated industries.  相似文献   

Doha's dawn?     

Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):281-284

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Editorial     

Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):105-106

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