Partitioning of convergence in Northwest Sub-Himalaya: estimation of late Quaternary uplift and convergence rates across the Kangra reentrant,North India     

V. C. Thakur  M. Joshi  D. Sahoo  N. Suresh  R. Jayangondapermal  A. Singh 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(4):1037-1056

The Kangra reentrant constitutes a ~ 80-km-wide zone of fold-thrust belt made of Cenozoic strata of the foreland basin in NW Sub-Himalaya. Earlier workers estimated the total long-term shortening rate of 14 ± 2 mm/year by balanced cross-section between the Main Boundary Thrust and the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. Geologically estimated rate is nearly consistent with the GPS-derived slip rate of 14 ± 1 mm/year. There are active faults developed within 4–8 km depth of the Sub-Himalayan fold-thrust belt of the reentrant. Dating the strath surfaces of the abandoned fluvial terraces and fans above the thrust faults, the uplift (bedrock incision) rates are computed. The dips of thrust faults are measured in field and from available seismic (depth) profiles. From the acquired data, late Quaternary shortening rates on the Jawalamukhi Thrust (JT), the Soan Thrust (ST) and the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) are estimated. The shortening rates on the JT are 3.5–4.2 mm/year over a period 32–30 ka. The ST yields a shortening rate of 3.0 mm/year for 29 ka. The corresponding shortening and slip rates estimated on the HFT are 6.0 and 6.9 mm/year during a period 42 ka. On the back thrust of Janauri Anticline, the shortening and slip rates are 2.0 and 2.2 mm/year, respectively, for the same period. The results constrained the shortening to be distributed largely across a 50-km-wide zone between the JT and the HFT. The emergence of surface rupture of a great and mega earthquakes recorded on the reactivated HFT implies ≥100 km width of the rupture. The ruptures of large earthquakes, like the 1905 Kangra and 2005 Kashmir, remained restricted to the hinterland. The present study indicates that the high magnitude earthquakes can occur between the locking line and the active thrusts.  相似文献   

Appraisal of land use/land cover of mangrove forest ecosystem using support vector machine   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Sudhir Kumar Singh  Prashant K. Srivastava  Manika Gupta  Jay Krishna Thakur  Saumitra Mukherjee 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(5):2245-2255

Human activities in many parts of the world have greatly changed the natural land cover. This study has been conducted on Pichavaram forest, south east coast of India, famous for its unique mangrove bio-diversity. The main objectives of this study were focused on monitoring land cover changes particularly for the mangrove forest in the Pichavaram area using multi-temporal Landsat images captured in the 1991, 2000, and 2009. The land use/land cover (LULC) estimation was done by a unique hybrid classification approach consisting of unsupervised and support vector machine (SVM)-based supervised classification. Once the vegetation and non-vegetation classes were separated, training site-based classification technology i.e., SVM-based supervised classification technique was used. The agricultural area, forest/plantation, degraded mangrove and mangrove forest layers were separated from the vegetation layer. Mud flat, sand/beach, swamp, sea water/sea, aquaculture pond, and fallow land were separated from non-vegetation layer. Water logged areas were delineated from the area initially considered under swamp and sea water-drowned areas. In this study, the object-based post-classification comparison method was employed for detecting changes. In order to evaluate the performance, an accuracy assessment was carried out using the randomly stratified sampling method, assuring distribution in a rational pattern so that a specific number of observations were assigned to each category on the classified image. The Kappa accuracy of SVM classified image was highest (94.53 %) for the 2000 image and about 94.14 and 89.45 % for the 2009 and 1991 images, respectively. The results indicated that the increased anthropogenic activities in Pichavaram have caused an irreversible loss of forest vegetation. These findings can be used both as a strategic planning tool to address the broad-scale mangrove ecosystem conservation projects and also as a tactical guide to help managers in designing effective restoration measures.  相似文献   

Soil characterization based on land cover heterogeneity over a tropical landscape: an integrated approach using earth observation data-sets     

Diwakar Paudel  Jay Krishna Thakur  Sudhir Kumar Singh  Prashant K. Srivastava 《国际地球制图》2015,30(2):218-241

Soil is a vital part of the natural environment and is always responding to changes in environmental factors, along with the influences of anthropogenic factors and land use changes. The long-term change in soil properties will result in change in soil health and fertility, and hence the soil productivity. Hence, the main aim of this paper focuses on the analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) change pattern in spatial and temporal perspective and to present its impact on soil properties in the Merawu catchment over the period of 18?years. Post classification change detection was performed to quantify the decadal changes in historical LULC over the periods of 1991, 2001 and 2009. The pixel to pixel comparison method was used to detect the LULC of the area. The key LULC types were selected for investigation of soil properties. Soil samples were analysed in situ to measure the physicochemical soil properties. The results of this study show remarkable changes in LULC in the period of 18?years. The effect of land cover change on soil properties, soil compaction and soil strength was found to be significant at a level of <0.05.  相似文献   

An exact solution of two-dimensional steady MGD flows     

C. Thakur  R. B. Mishra 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1990,174(2):211-216

Steady-plane flow of an inviscid, electrically-conducting, compressible fluid with infinite electrical conductivity is considered and a single partial differential equation is obtained which involves two functions. Appropriate specialization of these functions generate new exact solutions of the orginal equations.  相似文献   

Hβ luminosity of extragalactic objects and evolution of galaxies     

R. K. Thakur  R. K. Sood 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1982,88(1):99-114

Hourly interplanetary proton plasma data, measured by Helios-1 and Helios-2 heliocentric satellites over the period extending between the sunspot minimum and maximum of the 21rst solar cycle are analysed. This analysis gives an emphasis in the presence of a third type solar wind (intermediate) at 450 km s^–1, appearing at solar minimum, during which large coronal holes are dominating in the Sun. This type of solar wind is hardly to be observed during the solar maximum period.Both Helios-1 and Helios-2 data give an average speed of the slow solar wind of 350 km s^–1 for the period between these two extremes of solar activities.After correlation of the plasma temperature with its speed in different heliocentric distances, it comes out the stronger heating which takes place in distances shorter than 0.6 AU than in distances between 0.6 and 1.0 AU.A different behaviour of the radial proton temperature gradient in different solar activities appears after the calculation of the gradients as a function of solar wind speed and radial distance.  相似文献   

The gravitational instability of flow through porous medium for some systems of astrophysical interest     

R. C. Sharma  K. P. Thakur 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1982,81(1-2):95-102

The gravitational instability of flow through porous medium for some hydrodynamical and hydromagnetical systems of astrophysical interest is investigated. The effects of rotation, magnetic field, viscosity and finite electrical conductivity are studied for the gravitational instability through porous medium. The effect of suspended particles on the instability is also considered. It is found that Jean's criterion remains unchanged in the presence of porosity, viscosity, finite conductivity, rotation, magnetic field and suspended particles in the medium.  相似文献   

Aerosol optical depths at Mohal-Kullu in the northwestern Indian Himalayan high altitude station during ICARB     

Jagdish C. Kuniyal  Alpana Thakur  Harinder K. Thakur  Sanjeev Sharma  P. Pant  Pan S. Rawat  K. Krishna Moorthy 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(1):41-48

First time observations of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) at Mohal (31.9°N, 77.11°E; altitude 1154 m amsl) in the Kullu valley, located in the northwestern Indian Himalayan region, have been carried out during Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB), as a part of the Indian Space Research Organisation-Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP). AODs at six wavelengths are obtained using Microtops-II Sunphotometer and Ozonometer. The monthly mean values of AOD at 500 nm are found to be 0.27 ± 0.04 and 0.24 ± 0.02 during March and April, 2006 respectively. However, their monthly mean values are 0.33 ± 0.04 at 380 nm and 0.20 ± 0.03 nm at 870 nm during March 2006 and 0.31 ± 0.3 at 380 nm and 0.17 ± 0.2 at 870 nm during April 2006, showing a gradual decrease in AOD with wavelength. The Ångstrom wavelength exponent ‘α’ had a mean value of 0.72 ± 0.05, implying reduced dominance of fine particles. Further, the afternoon AOD values are higher as compared to forenoon values by ～ 33.0% during March and by ～ 9.0% during April 2006 and are attributed to the pollutant lifted up from the valley by the evolving boundary layer. Besides the long-range transportation of aerosol particles by airmass from the Great Sahara and the Thar Desert regions to the observing site, the high values of AODs have also been influenced by biomass burning and frequent incidents of forest fire at local levels.  相似文献   

Nebulosities around QSOs     

R. K. Thakur  R. K. Sood 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1980,73(1):241-249

In this paper independent evidence in favour of the hypothesis proposed by Thakur and Sapre (1979) that a QSO consists of a bright central object embedded in an extended nebulosity has been presented. _U–B and _B–V , the spectral indices in (U-B) and (B-V) colours, have been calculated for a sample of 80 QSOs with redshiftz0.76. In Figure 1 = ( _B–V – _U–V ) has been plotted against = ( _B–V + _U–B )/2. In this figure the QSOs in which detectability of neubulosities has been predicted by Thakur and Sapre (1979) occupy a separate but adjacent part of the diagram as compared to those for which such a prediction has not been made. In Figure 2 (U-B)₀ has been plotted against (B-V)₀ for the same sample of 80 QSOs, where (U-B)₀ and (B-V)₀ are the (U-B) and (B-V) colours corrected for galactic extinction. In this plot also, a similar separation of the two classes of objects is discernible. Another empirical criterion—namely, (B-V)₀0.32 for the detectability of nebulosities around QSOs—has been suggested.  相似文献   

Variability analysis of groundwater levels — AGIS-based case study     

S. K. Goyal  B. S. Chaudhary  O. Singh  G. K. Sethi  P. K. Thakur 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(2):355-364

The present study has analyzed the variability in depth to water level below ground level (bgl) vis-à-vis groundwater development and rainfall from 1987 to 2007 in agriculture dominated Kaithal district of Haryana state in India. Spatial distribution of groundwater depth was mapped and classified into different zones using ILWIS 3.6 GIS tools. Change detection maps were prepared for 1987–1997 and 1997–2007. Groundwater depletion rates during successive decades were compared and critical areas with substantial fall in groundwater levels were identified. Further, block wise trends of change in groundwater levels were also analyzed. The water table in fresh belt areas of the district (Gulha, Pundri and Kaithal blocks) was observed to decline by a magnitude ranging from 10 m to 23 m. In Kalayat and Rajaund blocks, the levels were found fluctuating in a relatively narrow range of 4–9 m. During 1997–2007, the depletion has been faster compared to the preceding decade. Excessive groundwater depletion in major part of the district may be attributed to indiscriminate abstraction for irrigation and decrease in rainfall experienced since 1998. Changes in cropping pattern and irrigation methods are needed in the study area for sustainable management of the resource.  相似文献   

Assessment of land use land cover change impact on hydrological regime of a basin     

Vaibhav Garg  S. P. Aggarwal  Prasun K. Gupta  Bhaskar R. Nikam  Praveen K. Thakur  S. K. Srivastav  A. Senthil Kumar 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(18):635

The sustainability of water resources mainly depends on planning and management of land use; a small change in it may affect water yield largely, as both are linked through relevant hydrological processes, explicitly. However, human activities, especially a significant increase in population, in-migration and accelerated socio-economic activities, are constantly modifying the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern. The impact of such changes in LULC on the hydrological regime of a basin is of widespread concern and a great challenge to the water resource engineers. While studying these impacts, the issue that prevails is the selection of a hydrological model that may be able to accommodate spatial and temporal dynamics of the basin with higher accuracy. Therefore, in the present study, the capabilities of variable infiltration capacity hydrological model to hydrologically simulate the basin under varying LULC scenarios have been investigated. For the present analysis, the Pennar River Basin, Andhra Pradesh, which falls under a water scarce region in India, has been chosen. The water balance components such as runoff potential, evapotranspiration (ET) and baseflow of Pennar Basin have been simulated under different LULC scenarios to study the impact of change on hydrological regime of a basin. Majorly, increase in built-up (13.94% approx.) and decrease in deciduous forest cover (2.44%) are the significant changes observed in the basin during the last three decades. It was found that the impact of LULC change on hydrology is balancing out at basin scale (considering the entire basin, while routing the runoff at the basin outlet). Therefore, an analysis on spatial variation in each of the water balance components considered in the study was done at grid scale. It was observed that the impact of LULC is considerable spatially at grid level, and the maximum increase of 265 mm (1985–2005) and the decrease of 48 mm (1985–1995) in runoff generation at grid were estimated. On the contrary, ET component showed the maximum increase of 400 and decrease of 570 mm under different LULC change scenario. Similarly, in the base flow parameter, an increase of 70 mm and the decrease of 100 mm were observed. It was noticed that the upper basin is showing an increasing trend in almost all hydrological components as compared to the lower basin. Based on this basin scale study, it was concluded that change in the land cover alters the hydrology; however, it needs to be studied at finer spatial scale rather than the entire basin as a whole. The information like the spatial variation in hydrological components may be very useful for local authority and decision-makers to plan mitigation strategies accordingly.  相似文献