Vegetation development and carbon storage on a glacier foreland in the High Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard     

Shinpei Yoshitake  Masaki Uchida  Toshiyuki Ohtsuka  Hiroshi Kanda  Hiroshi Koizumi  Takayuki Nakatsubo 《Polar Science》2011,5(3):391-397

The distribution of organic carbon and its relationship to vegetation development were examined on a glacier foreland near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N). In a 0.72-km² area, we established 43 study plots on three line transects along primary succession from recently deglaciated area to old well-vegetated area. At each plot, we measured the type and percent coverage of vegetation types. The organic carbon content of vegetation, organic soil, and mineral soil samples was determined based on their organic carbon concentration and bulk density. Cluster analysis based on vegetation coverage revealed five types of ground surfaces representing variations in the amounts and allocation patterns of organic carbon. In the later stages of succession, 7%–24% and 31%–40% of organic carbon was contained in the organic and deeper soil layers, respectively. Organic carbon storage in the later stages of succession ranged from 1.1 – 7.9 kg C m⁻². A larger amount of organic carbon, including ancient carbon in a raised beach deposit, was expected to be contained in much deeper soil layers. These results suggest that both vegetation development and geological history affect ecosystem carbon storage and that a non-negligible amount of organic carbon is distributed in this High Arctic glacier foreland.  相似文献   

The infrared variability of a dust model for Seyfert galaxies     

Noboru Kaneko  Kiyotaka Toyama  Masaki Nishimura 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1972,18(1):121-127

Assuming a dust model of Reeset al. (1969), we study the time dependence of the infrared emission from grains which absorb variable ultraviolet radiation. A time scale for the variability is shown to be fairly small compared with the light travel-time across the infrared emitting region, of which size depends on the wavelength strongly. Comparison of calculated infrared light curves with observations of NGC 4151 leads to the conclusion that the variability at 2.2 is consistent with interpretation by the infrared emission on the basis of thermal process.  相似文献   

Voyage of the Indian subcontinent since Pangea breakup and driving force of supercontinent cycles: Insights on dynamics from numerical modeling     

Masaki Yoshida  M.Santosh 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(5):1279-1292

Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understanding of the thermal and mechanical coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion and predictions of the configuration of the next supercontinent. The simulations of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present reveals that the development of large-scale cold mantle downwellings in the North Tethys Ocean at the earlier stage of the Pangea breakup triggered the northward movement of the Indian subcontinent. The model of high temperature anomaly region beneath Pangea resulting from the thermal insulation effect support the breakup of Pangea in the real Earth time scale, as also suggested in previous geological and geodynamic models. However, considering the low radioactive heat generation rate of the depleted upper mantle, the high temperature anomaly region might have been generated by upwelling plumes with contribution of deep subducted TTG(tonalite-trondhjemite-granite) materials enriched in radiogenic elements. Integrating the numerical results of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present, and from the present to the future, it is considered that the mantle drag force acting on the base of continents may be comparable to the slab pull force, which implies that convection in the shallower part of the mantle is strongly coupled with surface plate motion.  相似文献   

Cassini VIMS observations of latitudinal and hemispheric variations in Saturn’s infrared auroral intensity     

Sarah V. Badman  Chihiro Tao  Adrian Grocott  Satoshi Kasahara  Henrik Melin  Robert H. Brown  Kevin H. Baines  Masaki Fujimoto  Tom Stallard 《Icarus》2011,216(2):367-375

The intensity of Saturn’s infrared aurora is investigated using Cassini VIMS images acquired during October 2006–February 2009. Polar and main oval auroral regions were defined in both hemispheres, which extend between 0–10° and 10–25° co-latitude, respectively. Average intensities were computed for these regions and compared. While the northern and southern main oval regions covered a similar range of intensities, the southern main oval was on average more intense by a factor of ∼1.3. The emission from the southern polar region was usually less intense than the main oval emissions, while this was only the case for approximately half of the northern hemisphere images. The northern hemisphere polar region displayed intensities more than twice as high as those in the south and the difference between the two hemispheres was most pronounced on the dayside. In general, more intense polar emissions were accompanied by more intense main oval emissions. Possible explanations for the hemispheric and latitudinal differences are discussed in terms of particle energies and fluxes, ionospheric conductivity, temperature and magnetic field strength.  相似文献   

Preface     

Steven J. Schwartz  Petr Hellinger  Stuart Bale  Christopher Owen  Rumi Nakamura  Andris Vaivads  Luca Sorriso-Valvo  William Liu  Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber  Masaki Fujimoto  Ian Mann 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(7):447-448

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Simulating the diurnal cycle of rainfall in global climate models: resolution versus parameterization   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Paul A. Dirmeyer  Benjamin A. Cash  James L. Kinter III  Thomas Jung  Lawrence Marx  Masaki Satoh  Cristiana Stan  Hirofumi Tomita  Peter Towers  Nils Wedi  Deepthi Achuthavarier  Jennifer M. Adams  Eric L. Altshuler  Bohua Huang  Emilia K. Jin  Julia Manganello 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(1-2):399-418

The effects of horizontal resolution and the treatment of convection on simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation during boreal summer are analyzed in several innovative weather and climate model integrations. The simulations include: season-long integrations of the Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) with explicit clouds and convection; year-long integrations of the operational Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts at three resolutions (125, 39 and 16 km); seasonal simulations of the same model at 10 km resolution; and seasonal simulations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) low-resolution climate model with and without an embedded two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each grid box. NICAM with explicit convection simulates best the phase of the diurnal cycle, as well as many regional features such as rainfall triggered by advancing sea breezes or high topography. However, NICAM greatly overestimates mean rainfall and the magnitude of the diurnal cycle. Introduction of an embedded cloud model within the NCAR model significantly improves global statistics of the seasonal mean and diurnal cycle of rainfall, as well as many regional features. However, errors often remain larger than for the other higher-resolution models. Increasing resolution alone has little impact on the timing of daily rainfall in IFS with parameterized convection, yet the amplitude of the diurnal cycle does improve along with the representation of mean rainfall. Variations during the day in atmospheric prognostic fields appear quite similar among models, suggesting that the distinctive treatments of model physics account for the differences in representing the diurnal cycle of precipitation.  相似文献   

Elemental and isotopic abundances of lithium in chondrule constituents in the Allende meteorite     

Seiji Maruyama  Masaki Watanabe  Tak Kunihiro  Eizo Nakamura 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(3):778-793

Elemental and isotopic abundances of lithium in chondrule constituents in the Allende CV3 meteorite were determined using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Olivines and mesostasis dominated by a feldspathic phase are depleted in Li ( and , respectively). In contrast, low-Ca pyroxenes and mesostasis dominated by a Na-rich phase are enriched in Li ( and , respectively) and the interchondrule matrix is generally enriched in Li ( on average). The Li isotopic abundance of olivine ranges from to 21. The spatial distributions of elemental and isotopic abundances of Li in olivines within individual chondrules exhibit no systematic pattern. This suggests that the distribution of Li in olivine was not disturbed during aqueous alteration or thermal metamorphism on the Allende meteorite parent body. Although mesostasis is the last crystallizing phase from a chondrule melt and is expected to be enriched in Li, in the Allende meteorite it is generally depleted in Li. We suggest that during aqueous alteration on the CV asteroid, Li in mesostasis was leached out by aqueous fluids. The Li-enriched Na-rich mesostasis was probably produced later by infiltration of Na-rich fluids. It seems likely that aqueous fluids sequestered alkali elements from the Allende-chondrite region in the CV parent asteroid, although significant amounts of Li are preserved in ferrous olivine in the interchondrule matrix.  相似文献   

Aragonite and omphacite-bearing metapelite from Besshi region, Sambagawa belt in central Shikoku, Japan and its implication     

Yui  Kouketsu  Masaki  Enami 《Island Arc》2010,19(1):165-176

Aragonite and omphacite-bearing metapelite occurs in the albite–biotite zone of the Togu (Tohgu) area, Besshi region, Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan. This metapelite consists of alternating graphite-rich and graphite-poor layers that contain garnet, phengite, chlorite, epidote, titanite, calcite, albite, and quartz. A graphite-poor layer contains a 1.5-cm ivory-colored lens that mainly consists of phengite, calcite, albite, and garnet. Aragonite, omphacite, and paragonite occur as inclusions in the garnet of the ivory lens. The aragonite has a composition that is close to the CaCO₃ end-member: the FeCO₃ and MnCO₃ components are both less than 0.3 mol% and the SrCO₃ component is about 1 mol%. The aragonite + omphacite + quartz assemblage in garnet indicates equilibrium conditions of P  > 1.1–1.3 GPa and T  = 430–550°C. Quartz grains sealed in garnet of the aragonite and omphacite-bearing sample and other metapelites in the Togu area preserve a high residual pressure that is equivalent to the Sambagawa eclogite samples. These facts suggest that: (i) the Togu area experienced eclogite facies metamorphism; and (ii) thus, eclogite facies metamorphism covered the Sambagawa belt more extensively than previously recognized.  相似文献   

Groundwater-wetland ecosystem interaction in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Garth van der Kamp  Masaki Hayashi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(1):203-214

The prairie wetlands of northern USA and Canada exist in numerous topographical depressions within the glaciated landscape. The wetlands are disconnected from each other most of the time with respect to surface-water drainage. The wetland water balance is controlled by snowmelt runoff and snowdrift from the surrounding uplands, precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater exchange, and occasional “fill-spill” connections to other wetlands. Salinity of water and the seasonal variability of water level in these wetlands have a strong influence on the ecosystem. Clay-rich glacial tills, covering much of the region, have very low (0.001–0.01 m/yr) hydraulic conductivity, except for the top several meters where the factures and macropores increase conductivity up to 1,000 m/yr. Transpiration in the wetland margin induces infiltration and lateral flow of shallow groundwater from wetland ponds through the high-conductivity zone, which strongly affects the water balance of wetlands. In contrast, groundwater flow in the deeper low-conductivity till has minor effects on water balance, but has a strong influence on salinity because the flow direction determines if the salts accumulate in wetlands (upward flow) or are leached out (downward flow) under wetlands. Understanding of the roles of shallow and deep groundwater systems will improve the hydrological conceptual framework for the management of wetland ecosystems.  相似文献   

Tatsuro Matsumoto: a memorial     

Ikuwo Obata  Masaki Matsukawa 《Cretaceous Research》2009,30(5):1063-1065

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