Formal education and disaster response of children: evidence from coastal villages in Indonesia     

Shoji  Masahiro  Takafuji  Yoko  Harada  Tetsuya 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):2183-2205

Natural Hazards - Although children are exposed to a high mortality risk during disasters, what determines their disaster response, especially during earthquakes, remains largely unexplored. The...  相似文献   

Overestimation of short-term coastal cliff retreat rates in the eastern Mediterranean resolved with a sediment budget approach     

Amit Mushkin  Oded Katz  Naomi Porat 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):179-190

Our understanding of sea-cliff erosion processes and their response to recent and/or projected environmental changes such as sea-level rise, climate change and anthropogenic development hinges on our ability to quantify sea-cliff retreat rates and their variability through time. Here, we focus on Israel's Mediterranean ‘Sharon’ sea-cliff as a case study for examining the significance of recent short-term (i.e. annual to decadal) cliff-top retreat rates that appear to exceed longer-term rates of ‘background’ (i.e. centennial to millennial) retreat by 1–2 orders of magnitude. We demonstrate that an inherent sampling bias in rate estimates inferred from observation intervals shorter than process episodicity can also explain such a pattern. This potential ambiguity leads to a striking paradox where despite highly accurate and robust documentation of recent cliff-top retreat, such as that obtained from aerial photographs and/or instrumental surveys, the short-term retreat rates of episodically retreating sea cliffs remain poorly constrained. To address this key data gap along the Sharon sea cliff we employed a sediment budget approach that focuses on quantifying the continuous wave scouring of cliff-collapsed material from the shore platform as a rate-limiting process for episodic retreat of the cliff above. We used four high-resolution (0.5 m/pixel) airborne LiDAR data sets acquired between 2006 and 2015 to determine short-term maximum retreat rates of up to ~0.08 m/yr during this nine-year period. These modern retreat rates compare to the cliff's background retreat rate of 0.03 to 0.09 m/yr since the mid-Holocene, as determined herein from multiple geologic and archeological observations. Our results demonstrate that previously reported twentieth century cliff-top retreat rates for this sea cliff, which range up to values of several meters per year, are biased and that sea-cliff erosion rates have not yet been significantly impacted by recent environmental changes in the eastern Mediterranean basin, such as the restriction of sediment supply following emplacement of the Nile's Aswan dam system. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Using airborne thermal imaging data to measure near‐surface hydrology in upland ecosystems          下载免费PDF全文

David J. Luscombe  Karen Anderson  Naomi Gatis  Emilie Grand‐Clement  Richard E. Brazier 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1656-1668

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Spatial and temporal variability in nutrient concentrations in Liverpool Bay,a temperate latitude region of freshwater influence     

Naomi Greenwood  David J. Hydes  Claire Mahaffey  Andrew Wither  Jon Barry  David B. Sivyer  David J. Pearce  Susan E. Hartman  Olga Andres  Helen E. Lees 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(12):2181-2199

This paper presents data for the temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients in Liverpool Bay between 2003 and 2009 and an analysis of inputs of nutrients from the major rivers. The spatial distribution of winter nutrient concentrations are controlled by the region of freshwater influence (ROFI) in Liverpool Bay through the mixing of riverine freshwater and Irish Sea water, with strong linear relationships between nutrient concentration and salinity between December and February. The location of highest spring and summer phytoplankton biomass reflects the nutrient distributions as controlled by the ROFI. Analysis of 7 years of data showed that the seasonal cycle of winter maximum nutrient concentrations in February and drawdown in April/May is a recurrent feature of this location, with the timing of the drawdown varying by several weeks between years. A comparison of observed nutrient concentrations in Liverpool Bay with those predicted from inputs from rivers has been presented. Nutrient concentrations in the rivers flowing into Liverpool Bay were highly variable and there was reasonable agreement between predicted freshwater nutrient concentrations using data from this study and riverine nutrient concentrations weighted on the basis of river flow, although the exact nature of mixing between the rivers could not be determined. Predicted Irish Sea nutrient concentrations in the winter were lower than those reported for the input waters of the North Atlantic, supporting findings from previous work that nitrogen is lost through denitrification in the Irish Sea.  相似文献   

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on liver function and sexual characteristics in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)     

Nakayama K  Sei N  Handoh IC  Shimasaki Y  Honjo T  Oshima Y 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):366-369

The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on liver function and their differences between sexes were analyzed in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to PCB126 or Kanechlor-400 (KC-400) using microarray. PCB exposure induced vitellogenin 1 expression in female medaka while suppressing choriogenin genes, which suggests that the effects of PCBs on estrogen-responsive genes do not occur directly through an estrogen receptor-mediated pathway. Reduction of androgen receptor alpha expression was also observed, and the gene expression pattern in PCB-exposed males changed to become more similar to that of females. Furthermore, changes in glycolysis-related genes indicate that PCB exposure might enhance glucose production via gluconeogenesis in the liver of medaka. Taken together, our results suggest that PCBs disrupt the endocrine system, especially androgen function, and may have the potential to cause demasculinizing effects. Additionally, induction of gluconeogenesis might be a response to maintain glucose levels consumed as a result of PCB exposures.  相似文献   

Phosphorus sorption from aqueous solution using natural materials     

Osama Eljamal  Junya Okawauchi  Kazuaki Hiramatsu  Masayoshi Harada 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(3):859-863

The sorption of phosphorus by using four different natural materials (marble dust, sawdust, soil, and rice husk) was studied by conducting batch tests and kinetic sorption model. The kinetic sorption model based on a pseudo equation was applied to predict the rate constant of sorption. Thorough investigations to understand the mechanism of phosphorus sorption onto the natural materials using kinetic sorption models, pseudo first- and second-order kinetic sorption model showed that the kinetic sorption is consistent with the second-order model, from which it can be inferred that the mechanism of sorption is chemisorption. Batch tests and kinetic sorption model results showed that by using marble dust as sorbent, among other materials, could remove more than 93 % of phosphorus from aqueous solution.  相似文献   

Learning from the Pros: The Role of ISSRM,SNR, and IASNR in Our Careers     

Naomi Krogman  Carla Koons Trentelman  Joan Brehm  Courtney Flint 《社会与自然资源》2013,26(2):176-183

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H ₀ from an orientation-unbiased sample of Sunyaev–Zel'dovich and X-ray clusters     

Michael E. Jones  Alastair C. Edge  Keith Grainge  William F. Grainger  Rüdiger Kneissl  G. G. Pooley  Richard Saunders  Shigeru J. Miyoshi  Taisuke Tsuruta  Koujun Yamashita  Yuzuru Tawara  Akihiro Furuzawa  Akihiro Harada  Isamu Hatsukade 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(2):518-526

We have observed the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in a sample of five moderate-redshift clusters with the Ryle Telescope, and used them in conjunction with X-ray imaging and spectral data from ROSAT and ASCA to measure the Hubble constant. This sample was chosen with a strict X-ray flux limit using both the Bright Cluster Sample and the Northern ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) cluster catalogues to be well above the surface brightness limit of the RASS, and hence to be unbiased with respect to the orientation of the cluster. This controls a major potential systematic effect in the SZ/X-ray method of measuring H ₀. Taking the weighted geometric mean of the results and including the main sources of error, namely the noise in the SZ measurement, the uncertainty in the X-ray temperatures and the unknown ellipticity and substructure of the clusters, we find   H ₀= 59⁺¹⁰₋₉ (random)⁺⁸₋₇(systematic) km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹  assuming a standard cold dark matter model with  Ω_M= 1.0, Ω_Λ= 0.0  or   H ₀= 66⁺¹¹₋₁₀ ⁺⁹₋₈ km  s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹  if  Ω_M= 0.3, Ω_Λ= 0.7  .  相似文献   

Sand dunes as a major proximal dust source for late Pleistocene loess in the Negev Desert, Israel   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Onn Crouvi  Rivka Amit  Naomi Porat 《Quaternary Research》2008,70(2):275-282

Grain size analyses of three hilltop, primary eolian loess sequences in the Negev desert, southern Israel, show a bimodal grain-size distribution at 50-60 μm and 3-8 μm. Using analyses of mineralogy and OSL ages we demonstrate that the coarse mode is composed mostly of quartz grains and its relative magnitude increases regionally with time, suggesting an enhancement of a time-transgressive proximal dust source compared to a distal, Saharan fine-grain dust. The only proximal dust source for large amount of coarse silt quartz grains is the sands that advanced into Sinai and the Negev concurrently with the loess accretion during the late Pleistocene as a result of the exposure of the Mediterranean shelf. We therefore propose that the coarse silt quartz grains were formed through eolian abrasion within the margins of an advancing sand sea. This relationship between desert sand seas as a source for proximal coarse dust and desert margin loess deposits can be applicable to other worldwide deserts such as Northern Africa, China and Australia.  相似文献   

Occurrence and turnover of DMSP and DMS in deep waters of the Ross Sea,Antarctica     

Alison N. Rellinger  Ronald P. Kiene  Daniela A. del Valle  David J. Kieber  Doris Slezak  Hyakubun Harada  John Bisgrove  Jordan Brinkley 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(5):686-702

High concentrations of the phytoplankton metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its degradation product dimethylsulfide (DMS) are associated with blooms of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Episodic and rapid vertical export of Phaeocystis biomass to deep water has been reported for the Ross Sea, therefore we examined the distribution and microbial consumption rates of DMSP and DMS throughout the sub-euphotic water column. Total DMSP (dissolved+particulate; DMSPt) was present at 0.5–22 nM at depths between 70 and 690 m during both the early bloom (November) and the late bloom (January). Sub-euphotic peaks of DMSP were sometimes associated with mid-water temperature maxima, and elevated DMSP below 70 m was found mainly in water masses characterized as Modified Circumpolar Deep Water or Antarctic Shelf Water. Overall, 50–94% of the integrated water-column DMSPt was found below the euphotic zone. At one station during the early bloom, local maxima of DMSPt (14 nM) and DMS (20 nM) were observed between 113 and 240 m and these maxima corresponded with high chlorophyll a concentrations, P. antarctica cell numbers, and Fv/Fm (the quantum yield of photosystem II). During the late bloom, a sub-euphotic maximum of DMSPt (15.8 nM) at 250 m cooccurred with peaks of chlorophyll a concentration, DMSP lyase activity, bacterial production and dissolved DMSP consumption rates. DMSP turnover contributed ～12% of the bacterial carbon demand between 200 and 400 m. DMS concentrations peaked at 286 m but the maximum concentration (0.42 nM) was far lower than observed during the early bloom, probably because of relatively rapid biological consumption of DMS (1–3 turnovers per day) which, in turn, contributed to elevated dissolved dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations. Relatively stable DMSPt distributions at some sites suggest that rapid sinking of Phaeocystis biomass is probably not the major mechanism responsible for mesopelagic DMSP accumulations. Rather, subduction of near-surface water masses, lateral advective transport or trapping of slowly sinking P. antarctica biomass in intermediate water masses are more likely mechanisms. We found that a culture of P. antarctica maintained cellular integrity during 34 days of darkness, therefore the presence of intact cells (and DMSP) at depth can be explained even under a slow sinking/advection scenario. Whatever the mechanism, the large pools of DMSP and DMS below the euphotic zone suggest that export exerts a control on potential DMS emission from the surface waters of the Ross Sea.  相似文献