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131.
The Discovery of a Second Field Methane Brown Dwarf from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data
Tsvetanov ZI Golimowski DA Zheng W Geballe TR Leggett SK Ford HC Davidsen AF Uomoto A Fan X Knapp GR Strauss MA Brinkmann J Lamb DQ Newberg HJ Rechenmacher R Schneider DP York DG Lupton RH Pier JR Annis J Csabai I Hindsley RB Ivesic Z Munn JA Thakar AR Waddell P 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,531(1):L61-L65
We report the discovery of a second field methane brown dwarf from the commissioning data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The object, SDSS J134646.45-003150.4 (hereafter SDSS 1346-00), was selected because of its very red color and stellar appearance. Its spectrum between 0.8 and 2.5 μm is dominated by strong absorption bands of H2O and CH4 and closely mimics those of Gliese 229B and SDSS 162414.37+002915.6 (hereafter SDSS 1624+00), two other known methane brown dwarfs. SDSS 1346-00 is approximately 1.5 mag fainter than Gliese 229B, suggesting that it lies about 11 pc from the Sun. The ratio of flux at 2.1 μm to that at 1.27 μm is larger for SDSS 1346-00 than for Gliese 229B and SDSS 1624+00, which suggests that SDSS 1346-00 has a slightly higher effective temperature than the others. Based on a search area of 130 deg2 and a detection limit of z*=19.8, we estimate a space density of 0.05 pc-3 for methane brown dwarfs with Teff approximately 1000 K in the 40 pc3 volume of our search. This estimate is based on small-sample statistics and should be treated with appropriate caution. 相似文献
132.
Luigi Burlini 《Surveys in Geophysics》1994,15(5):593-617
A model for the calculation of a representative complete elastic tensor of a geologic body is presented here, in order to fill the gap between the small scale sample and the complex structural and lithological association of a geologic body, which may be of the same large scale as the wavelength used on the seismic survey. The major problems arising during the modelling are discussed, namely the representativity of a suite of hand samples and the evaluation of the volume fraction of the different lithologies comprising a formation. An application example is presented of a metapelitic sequence spanning the tectonic boundary of the Ivrea-Verbano zone with the Serie dei Laghi in Valle Cannobina (N. Italy). It is shown that the effective formation anisotropy is drastically reduced relative to that of hand samples when the structure is averaged over a large area, except for the sheared and mylonitic sub-areas comprising the tectonic contact zone (the Cossato-Mergozzo-Brissago- and Pogallo lines). In these subareas the effective anisotropy is slightly reduced (a few points of a percent) from the hand sample scale to that of the geologic formation. Moreover, because the polarization of the fastest shear wave and the plane of maximum shear wave splitting of the most common crustal rock types coincide with the foliation, there is an opportunity to infer the structure of deep rock formations from teleseismic shear waves. 相似文献
133.
134.
135.
Adriana Giangrande Margherita Licciano Roberto Schirosi Luigi Musco Loredana Stabili 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(1):36-45
In the marine environment, sessile invertebrates have developed an impressive array of mechanisms to avoid predation, bacterial exploitation, and epibiotic overgrowth. In the present study we investigated several defensive strategies adopted by six sabellids: the hard bottom species Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791), Branchiomma luctuosum Grube, 1869, Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885), and Sabellastarte spectabilis (Grube, 1878), and the soft bottom species Myxicola infundibulum (Renier, 1804), and Megalomma lanigera (Grube, 1846), which have different morphological characteristics and geographical distribution. We examined and compared some defensive features such as branchial crown toughness, tube structure and strength, amount of released mucus, and antibacterial lysozyme‐activity in the mucus. The investigated species utilize a combination of defence and deterrence strategies that seems to be related to the colonized habitat. Tube strength was, higher in the hard bottom species compared with the soft bottom ones, where the tubes are generally buried and protected within the sediment. Branchial crown appeared stronger and resistant in hard bottom species, except for S. spallanzanii, which is the species showing the strongest tube. Sabella spallanzanii, M. infundibulum and S. spectabilis secreted high amount of mucus with high lysozyme‐like activity. By contrast, B. luctuosum, B. bairdi, and M. lanigera produced low amounts of mucus exerting lower antibacterial activity. 相似文献
136.
Global and regional ocean carbon uptake and climate change: sensitivity to a substantial mitigation scenario 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marcello Vichi Elisa Manzini Pier Giuseppe Fogli Andrea Alessandri Lavinia Patara Enrico Scoccimarro Simona Masina Antonio Navarra 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(9-10):1929-1947
Under future scenarios of business-as-usual emissions, the ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon is anticipated to decrease because of ocean chemistry constraints and positive feedbacks in the carbon-climate dynamics, whereas it is still unknown how the oceanic carbon cycle will respond to more substantial mitigation scenarios. To evaluate the natural system response to prescribed atmospheric ??target?? concentrations and assess the response of the ocean carbon pool to these values, 2 centennial projection simulations have been performed with an Earth System Model that includes a fully coupled carbon cycle, forced in one case with a mitigation scenario and the other with the SRES A1B scenario. End of century ocean uptake with the mitigation scenario is projected to return to the same magnitude of carbon fluxes as simulated in 1960 in the Pacific Ocean and to lower values in the Atlantic. With A1B, the major ocean basins are instead projected to decrease the capacity for carbon uptake globally as found with simpler carbon cycle models, while at the regional level the response is contrasting. The model indicates that the equatorial Pacific may increase the carbon uptake rates in both scenarios, owing to enhancement of the biological carbon pump evidenced by an increase in Net Community Production (NCP) following changes in the subsurface equatorial circulation and enhanced iron availability from extratropical regions. NCP is a proxy of the bulk organic carbon made available to the higher trophic levels and potentially exportable from the surface layers. The model results indicate that, besides the localized increase in the equatorial Pacific, the NCP of lower trophic levels in the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans is projected to be halved with respect to the current climate under a substantial mitigation scenario at the end of the twenty-first century. It is thus suggested that changes due to cumulative carbon emissions up to present and the projected concentration pathways of aerosol in the next decades control the evolution of surface ocean biogeochemistry in the second half of this century more than the specific pathways of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. 相似文献
137.
Daniela Mele Roberto Sulpizio Pierfrancesco Dellino Luigi La Volpe 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(3):257-278
New volcanological studies allow reconstruction of the eruption dynamics of the Pomici di Mercato eruption (ca 8,900 cal.
yr B.P.) of Somma-Vesuvius. Three main Eruptive Phases are distinguished based on two distinct erosion surfaces that interrupt
stratigraphic continuity of the deposits, indicating that time breaks occurred during the eruption. Absence of reworked volcaniclastic
deposits on top of the erosion surfaces suggests that quiescent periods between eruptive phases were short perhaps lasting
only days to weeks. Each of the Eruptive Phases was characterised by deposition of alternating fall and pyroclastic density
current (PDC) deposits. The fallout deposits blanketed a wide area toward the east, while the more restricted PDC deposits
inundated the volcano slopes. Eruptive dynamics were driven by brittle magmatic fragmentation of a phonolitic magma, which,
because of its mechanical fragility, produced a significant amount of fine ash. External water did not significantly contribute
either to fragmentation dynamics or to mechanical energy release during the eruption. Column heights were between 18 and 22 km,
corresponding to mass discharge rates between 1.4 and 6 × 107 kg s−1. The estimated on land volume of fall deposits ranges from a minimum of 2.3 km3 to a maximum of 7.4 km3. Calculation of physical parameters of the dilute pyroclastic density currents indicates speeds of a few tens of m s−1 and densities of a few kg m−3 (average of the lowermost 10 m of the currents), resulting in dynamic pressures lower than 3 kPa. These data suggest that
the potential impact of pyroclastic density currents of the Pomici di Mercato eruption was smaller than those of other Plinian
and sub-Plinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, especially those of 1631 AD and 472 AD (4–14 kPa), which represent reference
values for the Vesuvian emergency plan. The pulsating and long-lasting behaviour of the Pomici di Mercato eruption is unique
in the history of large explosive eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. We suggest an eruptive scheme in which discrete magma batches
rose from the magma chamber through a network of fractures. The injection and rise of the different magma batches was controlled
by the interplay between magma chamber overpressure and local stress. The intermittent discharge of magma during a large explosive
eruption is unusual for Somma-Vesuvius, as well as for other volcanoes worldwide, and yields new insights for improving our
knowledge of the dynamics of explosive eruptions. 相似文献
138.
New geochemical data on cosmic spherules (187 major element, 76 trace element, and 10 oxygen isotope compositions) and 273 analyses from the literature were used to assess the chemical diversity observed among glass cosmic spherules with chondritic composition. Three chemical groups of glass spherules are identified: normal chondritic spherules, CAT-like spherules (where CAT refers to Ca-Al-Ti-rich spherules), and high Ca-Al spherules. The transition from normal to high Ca-Al spherules occurs through a progressive enrichment in refractory major elements (on average from 2.3 wt.% to 7.0 wt.% for CaO, 2.8 wt.% to 7.2 wt.% for Al2O3, and 0.14 wt.% to 0.31 wt.% for TiO2) and refractory trace elements (from 6.2 μg/g to 19.3 μg/g for Zr and 1.6CI-4.3CI for Rare Earth Elements-REEs) relative to moderately refractory elements (Mg, Si) and volatile elements (Rb, Na, Zn, Pb). Based on a comparison with experimental works from the literature, these chemical groups are thought to record progressive heating and evaporation during atmospheric entry. The evaporative mass losses evaluated for the high Ca-Al group (80-90%) supersede those of the CAT spherules which up to now have been considered as the most heated class of stony cosmic spherules. However, glass cosmic spherules still retain isotopic and elemental evidence of their source and precursor mineralogy. Four out of the 10 normal and high Ca-Al spherules analysed for oxygen isotopes are related to ordinary chondrites (δ18O = 13.2-17.3‰ and δ17O = 7.6-9.2‰). They are systematically enriched in Ni and Co (Ni = 24-500 μg/g) with respect to spherules related to carbonaceous chondrites (Ni < 1.2 μg/g, δ18O = 13.1-28.0‰ and δ17O = 5.1-14.0‰). REE abundances in cosmic spherules, which are not fractionated according to parent body or atmospheric entry heating, can then be used to unravel the precursor mineralogy. Spherules with flat REE pattern close to unity when normalized to CI are the most abundant in our dataset (54%) and likely derive from homogeneous, fine-grained chondritic precursors. Other REE patterns fall into no more than five categories, a surprising reproducibility in view of the mineralogical heterogeneity of chondritic lithologies at the micrometeorite scale. 相似文献
139.
Giancarlo Benettin Luigi Galgani Antonio Giorgilli 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1985,37(1):1-25
In the present paper we give a proof of Nekhoroshev's theorem, which is concerned with an exponential estimate for the stability times in nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems. At variance with the already published proof, which refers to the case of an unperturbed Hamiltonian having the generic property of steepness, we consider here the particular case of a convex unperturbed Hamiltonian. The corresponding simplification in the proof might be convenient for an introduction to the subject. 相似文献
140.
Pierre ROCHETTE Leonardo SAGNOTTI Michle BOUROT‐DENISE Guy CONSOLMAGNO Luigi FOLCO Jrme GATTACCECA Maria Luisa OSETE Lauri PESONEN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(2):251-268
Abstract— We present a database of magnetic susceptibility measurements on 971 ordinary chondrites. It demonstrates that this parameter can be successfully used to characterize and classify ordinary chondrite meteorites. In ordinary chondrites, this rapid and non‐destructive measurement essentially determines the amount of metal in the sample, which occurs in a very narrow range for each chondrite class (though terrestrial weathering can result in a variable decrease in susceptibility, especially in finds). This technique is particularly useful not only for a rapid classification of new meteorites, but also as a check against curation errors in large collections (i.e., unweathered meteorites, the measured susceptibility of which lies outside the expected range, may well be misclassified or misidentified samples). Magnetic remanence, related to magnetic field measurements around asteroids, is also discussed. 相似文献