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11.
Anthony M. Spencer Per Ivar Briskeby Lone Dyrmose Christensen Rune Foyn Marie KjФlleberg Erling Kvadsheim Ian Knight Morten Rye-Larsen John Williams 《《幕》》2008,31(1):115-124
Offshore exploration in Norway and Denmark-in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea-has involved drilling about 850 wildcat wells, resulting in about 300 oil and gas finds, of which 84 are fields with production. The recoverable resources of all these finds total about 65 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Almost all these hydrocarbons come from a Jurassic source and the main reservoirs and traps are Jurassic sandstones in fault blocks and Paleocene sandstones or Cretaceous chalks in gentle domes. The article describes four major fields-Ekofisk, Gullfaks, Ormen Lange and SnФhvitto illustrate some of the many challenges in developing and producing the hydrocarbons.
Elsewhere in Norden, there has been much less exploration. Drilling results have mostly been negative in mainland Sweden, onshore Denmark, onshore Svalbard and on- and offshore West Greenland. Minor oil finds have been made in Palaeozoic rocks in the Baltic Sea. The first wells have recently been drilled off the Faroe Islands, resulting in one discovery. No drilling has taken place on- or offshore East Greenland.
As a result of the hydrocarbon activities in Norway and Denmark, petroleum geoscience there has flourished, with 2000 geoscientists currently employed in the industry, many technical innovations made, a wealth of publically available information and a great increase in the understanding of the geology. 相似文献
Elsewhere in Norden, there has been much less exploration. Drilling results have mostly been negative in mainland Sweden, onshore Denmark, onshore Svalbard and on- and offshore West Greenland. Minor oil finds have been made in Palaeozoic rocks in the Baltic Sea. The first wells have recently been drilled off the Faroe Islands, resulting in one discovery. No drilling has taken place on- or offshore East Greenland.
As a result of the hydrocarbon activities in Norway and Denmark, petroleum geoscience there has flourished, with 2000 geoscientists currently employed in the industry, many technical innovations made, a wealth of publically available information and a great increase in the understanding of the geology. 相似文献
12.
Xavier Rodó Mercedes Pascual Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes Alexander Gershunov Dáithí A. Stone Filippo Giorgi Peter J. Hudson James Kinter Miquel-Àngel Rodríguez-Arias Nils Ch. Stenseth David Alonso Javier García-Serrano Andrew P. Dobson 《Climatic change》2013,118(3-4):625-640
The next generation of climate-driven, disease prediction models will most likely require a mechanistically based, dynamical framework that parameterizes key processes at a variety of locations. Over the next two decades, consensus climate predictions make it possible to produce forecasts for a number of important infectious diseases that are largely independent of the uncertainty of longer-term emissions scenarios. In particular, the role of climate in the modulation of seasonal disease transmission needs to be unravelled from the complex dynamics resulting from the interaction of transmission with herd immunity and intervention measures that depend upon previous burdens of infection. Progress is also needed to solve the mismatch between climate projections and disease projections at the scale of public health interventions. In the time horizon of seasons to years, early warning systems should benefit from current developments on multi-model ensemble climate prediction systems, particularly in areas where high skill levels of climate models coincide with regions where large epidemics take place. A better understanding of the role of climate extremes on infectious diseases is urgently needed. 相似文献
13.
Distribution and petrogenetic behaviour of trace elements in granitic pegmatite quartz from South Norway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rune?B.?LarsenEmail author Iain?Henderson Peter?M.?Ihlen Francois?Jacamon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,147(5):615-628
The present study documents that the trace-element distribution in granitic quartz is highly sensitive to CAFC processes in granitic melts. Igneous quartz efficiently records both the origin and the evolution of the granitic pegmatites. Aluminium, P, Li, Ti, Ge and Na in that order of abundance, comprises >95% of the trace elements. Most samples feature >1 ppm of any of these elements. The remnant 5% includes K, Fe, Be, B, Ba and Sr whereas the other elements are present at concentrations lower than the detection limit. Potassium, Fe, Be and Ti are relatively compatible hence obtain the highest concentrations in early formed quartz. Phosphorous, Ge, Li and Al are relatively incompatible and generally obtain the highest concentrations in quartz that formed at lower temperatures from more evolved granitic melts. The Ge/Ti, the Ge/Be, the P/Ge and the P/Be ratios of quartz are strongly sensitive to the origin and evolution of the granitic melts and similarly the Rb/Sr and the Rb/K ratios of K-feldspars may be utilised in petrogenetic interpretations. However, the quartz trace element ratios are better at distinguishing similarities and differences in the origin and evolution of granitic melts. After evaluating the different trace element ratios, the Ge/Ti ratio appears to be most robust during subsolidus processes in the igneous systems, hence probably should be the preferred ratio for analysing and understanding petrogenetic processes in granitic igneous rocks.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs 相似文献
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G. A. Rune et T. J. Kukkam?ki 《Journal of Geodesy》1951,25(4):447-457
Conclusion Au total, les travaux de la Section des Nivellements, à Bruxelles, où s’exerce l’art des nivellements, un véritable bouillonnement
d’idées, hatant la solution de problèmes anciens, rénovant leur aspect, suscitant maintes tentative et réalisations inédites. 相似文献
17.
Nils Rune Sandstå Brian Robins Harald Furnes Maarten de Wit 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(2):365-377
Exceptionally well-preserved pillowed and massive phenocryst-free metabasaltic lava flows in the uppermost part of the Palaeoarchaean
Hooggenoeg Complex of the Barberton Greenstone Belt exhibit both flow banding and large leucocratic varioles. The flow banding
is defined by blebs and bands of pale and dark green metabasalt and was the result of mingling of two types of basalt (Robins
et al. in Bull Volcanol 72:579–592, 2010a). Varioles occur exclusively in the dark chlorite-, MgO- and FeO-rich metabasalt. Varioles are absent in the outermost rinds
of pillows and increase in both abundance and size towards the centres of pillows. In the central parts of some pillows, they
impinge to form homogeneous pale patches, bands or almost homogenous cores. Individual varioles consist essentially of radially
orientated or outwardly branching dendritic crystals of albite. Many varioles exhibit concentric zones and finer-grained rims.
Some varioles seem to have grown around tiny vesicles and vesicles appear to have been trapped in others between a core and
a finer-grained rim. The matrix surrounding the ocelli contains acicular pseudomorphs of actinolite and chlorite after chain-like,
skeletal Ca-rich pyroxenes that are partly overgrown by the margins of varioles. Varioles are enriched in the chemical constituents
of feldspar but contain concentrations of immobile TiO2, Cr, Zr and REE that are similar to the host metabasalts. The shape, distribution, texture and composition of the varioles
exclude liquid immiscibility and support an origin by spherulitic crystallisation of plagioclase from severely undercooled
basalt melt and glass. Nucleation of plagioclase was strongly inhibited and took place on vesicles, on the bases of drainage
cavities and along early fractures. Eruption in deep water and retention of relatively high concentrations of volatiles in
the melt may be the principal cause of spherulitic crystallisation in the interiors of pillows rather than only in their margins
as in younger submarine flows. 相似文献
18.
Clays and clay‐bearing rocks like shale are extremely water sensitive. This is partly due to the interaction between water and mineral surfaces, strengthened by the presence of nanometer‐size pores and related large specific surface areas. Molecular‐scale numerical simulations, using a discrete‐element model, show that shear rigidity can be associated with structurally ordered (bound or adsorbed) water near charged surfaces. Building on these and other molecular dynamics simulations plus nanoscale experiments from the literature, the water monolayer adjacent to hydrophilic solid surfaces appears to be characterised by shear stiffness and/or enhanced viscosity. In both cases, elastic wave propagation will be affected by the bound or adsorbed water. Using a simple rock physics model, bound water properties were adjusted to match laboratory measured P‐ and S‐wave velocities on pure water‐saturated kaolinite and smectite. To fit the measured stress sensitivity, particularly for kaolinite, the contribution from solid‐grain contact stiffness needs to be added. The model predicts, particularly for S‐waves, that viscoelastic bound water could be a source of dispersion in clay and clay‐rich rocks. The bound‐water‐based rock physics model is found to represent a lower bound to laboratory‐measured velocities obtained with shales of different mineralogy and porosity levels. 相似文献
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