An analysis of the time scales of variability in centuries-long enso-sensitive records in the last 1000 years   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Henry F. Diaz  Roger S. Pulwarty 《Climatic change》1994,26(2-3):317-342

We document the characteristic time scales of variability for seven climate indices whose time-dependent behavior is sensitive to some aspect of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The ENSO sensitivity arises from the location of these long-term records on the periphery of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three of the indices are derived principally from historical sources, three others consist of tree-ring reconstructions (one of summer temperature, and the other two of winter rainfall), and one is an annual record of oxygen isotopic composition for a high-elevation glacier in Peru. Five of the seven indices sample at least portions of the Medieval Warm Period (~ A.D. 950 to 1250).Time series spectral analysis was used to identify the major time scales of variability among the different indices. We focus on two principal time scales: a high frequency band (~ 2–10 yr), which comprises most of the variability found in the modern record of ENSO activity, and a low frequency band to highlight variations on decadal to century time scales (11 <P < 150 yr). This last spectral band contains variability on time scales that are of general interest with respect to possible changes in large-scale air-sea exchanges. A technique called evolutive spectral analysis (ESA) is used to ascertain how stable each spectral peak is in time. Coherence and phase spectra are also calculated among the different indices over each full common period, and following a 91-yr window through time to examine whether the relationships change.In general, spectral power on time scales of ~ 2–6 yr is statistically significant and persists throughout most of the time intervals sampled by the different indices. Assuming that the ENSO phenomenon is the source of much of the variability at these time scales, this indicates that ENSO has been an important part of interannual climatic variations over broad areas of the circum-Pacific region throughout the last millennium. Significant coherence values were found for El Niño and reconstructed Sierra Nevada winter precipitation at ~ 2–4 yr throughout much of their common record (late 1500s to present) and between 6 and 7 yr from the mid-18th to the early 20th century.At decadal time scales each record generally tends to exhibit significant spectral power over different periods at different times. Both the Quelccaya Ice Cap ¹⁸O series and the Quinn El Niño event record exhibit significant spectral power over frequencies ~ 35 to 45 yr; however, there is low coherence between these two series at those frequencies over their common record. The Sierra Nevada winter rainfall reconstruction exhibits consistently strong variability at periods of ~ 30–60 yr.  相似文献   

Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere     

O'Neill BC  Gaffin SR  Tubiello FN  Oppenheimer M 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1994,46(5):378-389

Non-steady state timescales are complicated and their application to specific geophysical systems requires a common theoretical foundation. We first extend reservoir theory by quantifying the difference between turnover time and transit time (or residence time) for time-dependent systems under any mixing conditions. We explicitly demonstrate the errors which result from assuming these timescales are equal, which is only true at steady state. We also derive a new response function which allows the calculation of age distributions and timescales for well-mixed reservoirs away from steady state, and differentiate between timescales based on gross and net fluxes. These theoretical results are particularly important to tracer-calibrated "box models" currently used to study the carbon cycle, which usually approximate reservoirs as well-mixed. We then apply the results to the important case of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, since timescales describing its behavior are commonly used but ambiguously defined. All relevant timescales, including lifetime, transit time, and adjustment time, are precisely defined and calculated from data and models. Apparent discrepancies between the current, empirically determined turnover time of 30-60 years and longer model-derived estimates of expected lifetime and adjustment time are explained within this theoretical framework. We also discuss the results in light of policy issues related to global warming, in particular since any comparisons of the "lifetimes" of different greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC's etc.) must use a consistent definition to be meaningful.  相似文献   

Active and passive microwave remote sensing of precipitating storms during CaPE. Part I: Advanced microwave precipitation radiometer and polarimetric radar measurements and models     

J. Turk  J. Vivekanandan  F. S. Marzano  R. E. Hood  R. W. Spencer  F. J. LaFontaine 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1994,54(1-4):3-27

  相似文献   

A convectively-driven boundary layer in the monsoon trough     

Surendra S. Parasnis  Savita B. Morwal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(1-2):197-204

Characteristic features of the convectively driven monsoon-trough boundary layer have been explored using the conserved-variable method of analysis. Aerological observations during the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment 1990 (MONTBLEX-90) during 18–20 August have been used to investigate the thermodynamic features of the Convective Boundary Layer (CBL). Thermodynamic parameters such as _e , _es have been used to study the dynamical aspects of the CBL. Also, mixed-layer heights at an inland station, in the monsoon trough region, obtained from SODAR, are used to document the saturation of the mixed layer after the onset of the monsoon.  相似文献   

Forest cover mapping of East district,Sikkim using IRS-1A LISS II satellite data     

S. Sudhakar  Arvind Kumar  M. L. Arrawatia  S. Sengupta 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1994,22(3):155-168

Remote sensing techniques have been applied to classify tour density classes within each of the forest type along with other major landuse/landcover classes in the East district, Sikkim using IRS-1A LISS II satellite data pertaining to the period of November, 1988. The shadow problem in rugged terrain and difficulty in acquiring cloud free data for different seasons pose problems to achieve considerable mapping accuracy. In the present study, the forests of the district were delineated through supervised classification techniques using maximum likelihood algorithm into five forest types as sal forests, subtropical broad-leaved forests, Himalayan wet temperate forests, Rhododendron forests and alpine forests. The alpine forests were further stratified into two categories as moist alpine scrub and dry alpine scrub. The statistical data obtained from the present study shows that 55.47 percent of the total geographical area of the East district was under forest cover. An overall accuracy of more than 85 percent in correctly delineating forest classes was achieved.  相似文献   

Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic and quartzose sandstones from north central Nepal: composition,sedimentology and geotectonic significance     

Sören B. Dürr  Martin R. Gibling 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(1):62-75

Early Cretaceous sandstones and shales from the Thakkhola region (Chukh and Tangbe Formations) were deposited on the subsiding northern (Tethyan) margin of Gondwana; current directions indicate a source area to the south. Whereas the Berriasian Chukh Formation is dominated by quartz arenites, volcaniclastic sandstones and minor conglomerates dominate the Tangbe Formation of Valanginian to Aptian age. Upsection, the composition of the volcaniclastic components changes from mainly basaltic to dominantly dacitic/rhyolitic. Magmatism was preceded and accompanied by strong uplift in the source area of the Chukh and Tangbe clastics, resulting in the erosion of probably more than several hundred meters of pre-Cretaceous sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic rocks. A geochemical whole rock analysis of basaltic pebble fragments shows their alkaline character and suggests a within-plate geotectonic setting for the volcanic source. This volcanotectonic event is probably related to rifting between Australia and Greater India, where seafloor spreading began in late Valanginian/Hauterivian times.  相似文献   

Small-scale clusters of photospheric network bright points and their dependence on the solar cycle phase     

V. N. Dermendjev  R. Muller  M. S. Madjarska 《Solar physics》1994,155(1):45-55

The tendency of network bright points (NBPs) to form in their surface distribution non-random, small-scale clusters is studied by a 2-D nearest-neighbours test, based on observational data for the distance between separate NBPs. High-resolution photographs taken from long time series obtained at4308 with the 50-cm refractor of Pic du Midi Observatory are used. Three different epochs of the solar cycle were chosen. The results obtained suggest that the degree of clustering depends on the solar cycle phase. Supposing that the NBPs are good tracers of the kilogauss small-scale magnetic field, we use them to obtain information about the subphotospheric small-scale magnetic field organisation and its dependence on the solar cycle phase.  相似文献   

Radiation-hydrodynamic waves and global solar oscillations     

J. Staude  N. S. Dzhalilov  Y. D. Zhugzhda 《Solar physics》1994,152(1):227-239

We investigate nonadiabatic hydrodynamic waves in a nongrey, radiating, thermally conducting, homogeneous atmosphere in LTE with a finite mean free path of photons. Avoiding the Eddington approximation the remaining simplifications in the basic equations are discussed, the generalized dispersion relation is analysed, and some wave properties in a grey model are studied. The properties of waves in a stratified atmosphere are analysed as well. In connection with the predicted properties of the nonadiabatic waves we discuss observations ofp-modes by measuring brightness fluctuations.  相似文献   

Application of a global polytropic model to the Jupiter's system of satellites: a numerical treatment     

V. S. Geroyannis  F. N. Valvi 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1994,64(3):217-225

We study the so-called inverse planetary problem (i.e., given the distances from the centre, masses, and radii of, say, three planets of a planetary system, find the optimum polytropic index, mass, and radius of their star, and also other quantities of interest, which depend either explicitly or implicitly on the foregoing ones, e.g., central and mean density, central and mean pressure, central and mean temperature, etc.) for the system of satellites of Jupiter. In particular, Jupiter is considered as star and its satellites as planets of a proper planetary system, which is then treated numerically on the basis of the so-called global polytropic model, developed recently by the first author.  相似文献   

Electric field in a pulsar's radiation channel     

G. S. Sahakian 《Astrophysics》1994,37(1):60-68

A pulsar's electric field is investigated for the cases of coaxial and skewed rotators. A mutually consistent solution is found for the electric field in the neutron star, in its magnetosphere (the region of closed magnetic field lines), and in the radiation channel (a channel of open magnetic field lines). In the theory of pulsar radio emission, only the longitudinal component of the electric field strength in the radiation channel, , is important, where R is the radius of the star, B_s is the magnetic inductionin it, is its angular rotation rate, and r is distance from its center.Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 97–110, January–February, 1994.  相似文献