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排序方式: 共有590条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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584.
Christopher Oze Jim Cole Allan Scott Thomas Wilson Grant Wilson Sally Gaw Samuel Hampton Colin Doyle Zhengwei Li 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):785-802
Metal roofing material is commonly used for residential and industrial roofs in volcanically active areas. Increased corrosion of metal roofing from chemically reactive volcanic ash following ash deposition post-eruption is a major concern due to decreasing the function and stability of roofs. Currently, assessment of ash-induced corrosion is anecdotal, and quantitative data are lacking. Here, we systematically evaluate the corrosive effects of volcanic ash, specifically ash leachates, on a variety of metal roofing materials (i.e. weathered steel, zinc, galvanized steel, and Colorsteel©) utilizing weathering chamber experiments and direct acid treatments. Weathering chamber tests were carried out for up to 30 days, and visual, chemical, and surface analyses did not definitively identify significant corrosion in any of the test roofing metal samples. Direct concentrated acid treatments with hydrochloric (HCl), sulphuric (H2SO4), and hydrofluoric (HF) acids demonstrate that roofing materials are chemically resilient. Our experimental results suggest that ash-leachate-related corrosion is a longer-term process (>1 month), potentially related to a multitude of factors including increased ash leachate concentrations, the dissolution of the glass matrix of the ash, moisture retention at the ash-surface boundary, and potential reactions involving photo-oxidation. Overall, corrosion is not a simple process related to the short-term release of acid and/or salt leachates from the ash surface, but a product of dynamic interactions involving ash and water at the surface of metal roofing material for extended periods. 相似文献
585.
Mengnjo Jude Wirmvem Takeshi Ohba Justice Yuven Suila Wilson Yetoh Fantong Nchemty Oscar Bate Seigo Ooki Engome Regina Wotany Asobo Nkengmatia Elvis Asaah Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe Gregory Tanyileke Joseph Victor Hell 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(9):3585-3598
Shallow groundwater (>30 mbgl) is an essential source of drinking water to rural communities in the Ndop plain, northwest Cameroon. As a contribution to water management, the effect of seasonal variation on the groundwater chemistry, hydrochemical controls, drinking quality and recharge were investigated during the peaks of the dry (January) and rainy (September) seasons. Field measurements of physical parameters were preceded by sampling 58 groundwater samples during both seasons for major ions and stable isotope analyses. The groundwater, which was barely acidic (mean pH of 6) and less mineralised (TDS < 272 mg/l), showed no significant seasonal variation in temperature, pH and TDS during the two seasons. The order of cation abundance (meq/l) was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively, but that of anions ( \( {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } \) > \( {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } \) > Cl? > \( {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } \) > F?) was similar in both seasons. This suggests a negligible effect of seasonal variations on groundwater chemistry. The groundwater, which was CaMgHCO3 and NaHCO3, is chemically evolved rainfall (CaMgSO4Cl) in the area. Silicate mineral dissolution and cation-exchange were the main controls on groundwater chemistry while there was little anthropogenic influence. The major ions and TDS concentrations classified the water as suitable for human consumption as per WHO guidelines. The narrow cluster of δ18O and δD of same groundwater from both seasons between the δ18O and δD values of May–June precipitation along the Ndop Meteoric Water Line indicates meteoric origin, rapid recharge (after precipitation) and timing of recharge between May and June rainfall. Diffuse groundwater recharge mainly occurs at low altitudes (<1,400 m asl) within the plain. Besides major ions and TDS, the similar δ18O and δD of groundwater from both seasons indicate a consistent groundwater recharge and flow pattern throughout the year and resilience to present day short-term seasonal climatic variations. However, controlled groundwater abstraction is recommended given the increasing demand. 相似文献
586.
Advances in dating gullies on Mars using superposition relationships and a stratigraphic marker horizon link gully chronostratigraphy to recent climate cycles. New observations of gully morphology show the close association of gully source regions, channels, and fan deposits with well-documented ice-rich latitude-dependent mantle deposits, the deposition of which is interpreted to be coincident with recent ice ages. On the basis of these close correlations, we interpret the formative processes for mid-latitude gullies to involve melting of these ice-rich mantling deposits and the generation of an aqueous phase leading to fluvial activity. Continued monitoring of gullies by spacecraft in the current “interglacial” climate period (∼0.4 Ma to the present) will permit assessment of changing rates and styles of gully activity in the now largely depleted source areas. 相似文献
587.
Liquid line of descent of a basanitic liquid at 1.5 Gpa: constraints on the formation of metasomatic veins 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Sébastien Pilet Peter Ulmer Samuel Villiger 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,159(5):621-643
The metasomatism observed in the oceanic and continental lithosphere is generally interpreted to represent a continuous differentiation
process forming anhydrous and hydrous veins plus a cryptic enrichment in the surrounding peridotite. In order to constrain
the mechanisms of vein formation and potentially clarify the nature and origin of the initial metasomatic agent, we performed
a series of high-pressure experiments simulating the liquid line of descent of a basanitic magma differentiating within continental
or mature oceanic lithosphere. This series of experiments has been conducted in an end-loaded piston cylinder apparatus starting
from an initial hydrous ne-normative basanite at 1.5 GPa and temperature varying between 1,250 and 980°C. Near-pure fractional crystallization process
was achieved in a stepwise manner in 30°C temperature steps and starting compositions corresponding to the liquid composition
of the previous, higher-temperature glass composition. Liquids evolve progressively from basanite to peralkaline, aluminum-rich
compositions without significant SiO2 variation. The resulting cumulates are characterized by an anhydrous clinopyroxene + olivine assemblage at high temperature
(1,250–1,160°C), while at lower temperature (1,130–980°C), hydrous cumulates with dominantly amphibole + minor clinopyroxene,
spinel, ilmenite, titanomagnetite and apatite (1,130–980°C) are formed. This new data set supports the interpretation that
anhydrous and hydrous metasomatic veins could be produced during continuous differentiation processes of primary, hydrous
alkaline magmas at high pressure. However, the comparison between the cumulates generated by the fractional crystallization
from an initial ne-normative liquid or from hy-normative initial compositions (hawaiite or picrobasalt) indicates that for all hydrous liquids, the different phases formed
upon differentiation are mostly similar even though the proportions of hydrous versus anhydrous minerals could vary significantly.
This suggests that the formation of amphibole-bearing metasomatic veins observed in the lithospheric mantle could be linked
to the differentiation of initial liquids ranging from ne-normative to hy-normative in composition. The present study does not resolve the question whether the metasomatism observed in lithospheric
mantle is a precursor or a consequence of alkaline magmatism; however, it confirms that the percolation and differentiation
of a liquid produced by a low degree of partial melting of a source similar or slightly more enriched than depleted MORB mantle
could generate hydrous metasomatic veins interpreted as a potential source for alkaline magmatism by various authors. 相似文献
588.
K.A. Ali M.K. Azer H.A. Gahlan S.A. Wilde M.D. Samuel R.J. Stern 《Gondwana Research》2010,18(4):583-595
Ophiolites are key components of the Neoproterozoic Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS). Understanding when they formed and were emplaced is crucial for understanding the evolution of the ANS because their ages tell when seafloor spreading and terrane accretion occurred. The Yanbu–Onib–Sol Hamed–Gerf–Allaqi–Heiani (YOSHGAH) suture and ophiolite belt can be traced 600 km across the Nubian and Arabian shields. We report five new SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages from igneous rocks along the Allaqi segment of the YOSHGAH suture in southernmost Egypt and use these data in conjunction with other age constraints to evaluate YOSHGAH suture evolution. Ophiolitic layered gabbro gave a concordia age of 730 ± 6 Ma, and a metadacite from overlying arc-type metavolcanic rocks yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 733 ± 7 Ma, indicating ophiolite formation at 730 Ma. Ophiolite emplacement is also constrained by intrusive bodies: a gabbro yielded a concordia age of 697 ± 5 Ma, and a quartz-diorite yielded a concordia age of 709 ± 4 Ma. Cessation of deformation is constrained by syn- to post-tectonic granite with a concordia age of 629 ± 5 Ma. These new data, combined with published zircon ages for ophiolites and stitching plutons from the YOSHGAH suture zone, suggest a 2-stage evolution for the YOSHGAH ophiolite belt ( 810–780 Ma and 730–750 Ma) and indicate that accretion between the Gabgaba–Gebeit–Hijaz terranes to the south and the SE Desert–Midyan terranes to the north occurred as early as 730 Ma and no later than 709 ± 4 Ma. 相似文献
589.
Walton R. Kelly Samuel V. Panno Keith C. Hackley Hue-Hwa Hwang Adam T. Martinsek Momcilo Markus 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
Chloride concentrations in waterways of northern USA are increasing at alarming rates and road salt is commonly assumed to be the cause. However, there are additional sources of Cl− in metropolitan areas, such as treated wastewater (TWW) and water conditioning salts, which may be contributing to Cl− loads entering surface waters. In this study, the potential sources of Cl− and Cl− loads in the Illinois River Basin from the Chicago area to the Illinois River’s confluence with the Mississippi River were investigated using halide data in stream samples and published Cl− and river discharge data. The investigation showed that road salt runoff and TWW from the Chicago region dominate Cl− loads in the Illinois Waterway, defined as the navigable sections of the Illinois River and two major tributaries in the Chicago region. Treated wastewater discharges at a relatively constant rate throughout the year and is the primary source of Cl− and other elements such as F− and B. Chloride loads are highest in the winter and early spring as a result of road salt runoff which can increase Cl− concentrations by up to several hundred mg/L. Chloride concentrations decrease downstream in the Illinois Waterway due to dilution, but are always elevated relative to tributaries downriver from Chicago. The TWW component is especially noticeable downstream under low discharge conditions during summer and early autumn when surface drainage is at a minimum and agricultural drain tiles are not flowing. 相似文献
590.
Samuel Ogunjo Adeyemi Olusola Olufemi Durowoju 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2023,44(3):479-498
Droughts affect human well-being and the economy of countries across the world. Understanding the long-term evolution of droughts within a particular region will help in drought mitigation and adaptation plans, thereby reducing drought impact on the environment. This study examined the multidecadal trends in hydrological droughts at two stations along River Niger using 3-month, 6-month, and annual time scales. Hydrological drought events were identified using the streamflow drought index (SDI) between 1915 and 1990 based on the Theil-Sen slope and Mann-Kendall approaches. Across the timescales, extreme and severe droughts occurred in 1982/84 and 1983/84 with -2 ≤ Sd < -1.5. On an annual scale, the results from the annual SDI further showed that the 7th and 8th decades (1971−1990) recorded more drought events of varying degrees ranging from mild to extreme drought in both stations than in other decades. The last two decades (7th and 8th) further revealed the most extended hydrological drought duration from 1974/75 to 1988/89 for Baro and from 1979/80 to 1988/89 for Lokoja. The highest severity recorded at Baro was -15.56 and -14.26 at Lokoja. The prolonged duration of drought events across the stations and their associated yearly intensities suggests that more proactive measures are needed to ameliorate the hydrological drought impact in the study area. 相似文献